AGENDAS INTERNACIONALES: DE LA TEORIA A LA REALIDAD

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Natural resources finding the right
balanceFROM CONCEPTS TO REALITY

• Cecilia Tortajada
• Managing a Changing Planet
• Instituto de Empresa ie Business School
• Madrid
• 16 November 2007

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• Sustainable Development
• Development that meets the needs of the present
  without compromising the ability of the future
  generations to meet their own needs
• World Commission on Environment and
• Development, 1987

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• to be effective, measures to preserve natural
  resources should be taken at the earliest
  possible moment simultaneously with economic
  development
• United Nations General Assembly, 1962

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• the recognition of environmental issues is an
  aspect of widening of this (economic development
  taking into consideration preservation of natural
  resources) development concept
• The Founex Report, 1971

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• States should adopt an integrated and
  coordinated approach to their development
  planning so as to ensure that development is
  compatible with the need to protect and improve
  the human environment for the benefit of their
  population
• Stockholm Declaration, 1972 (Principle 11)

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• A new kind of development is needed because it
  is essential to relate development to the
  limitations and opportunities created by the
  natural resource base to all human activities.
• It is also required because it is now clear that
  past patterns of development in both developed
  and developing countries have been characterized
  by such serious environmental damage that they
  are simply not sustainable.
• M. Tolba, 1976

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• The most pressing objective of environmental
  management is to meet basic human needs within
  the potentials and constraints of environmental
  systems, including natural resources.
• Environmental management brings two new
  dimensions to the development process it
  broadens the concept to include environmental
  quality, and it expands it in time to include
  development over the long-term on a sustainable
  basis.
• M. Tolba, 1976

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• all Governments and peoples of the world to
  discharge their historical responsibility,
  collectively and individually, to ensure that our
  small planet is passed over to future generations
  in a condition which guarantees a life in human
  dignity for all.
• 10th Anniversary Stockholm
• Nairobi Declaration, 1982

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Governance

• New processes and methods of governing
• Changed conditions or ordered rule
• Actions and inactions of all parties
  transparent and accountable
• It embraces the relationships between governments
  and societies (including laws, regulations,
  institutions and formal and informal
  interactions) which affect all the ways in which
  governance systems function, stressing the
  importance of involving more voices,
  responsibilities, transparency and accountability
  of formal and informal organisations associated
  in any process

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Governance
Umbrella concept with multiple definitions It is
not synonymous with government It is a complex
process that considers multi-level participation
beyond the State, where decision- making includes
not only public institutions, but also private
sector, organised civil society and society in
general.
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Governance
It refers to a process of governing which
requires Participation, Consensus
orientation Strategic vision, Responsiveness Effec
tiveness, Efficiency, Accountability,
Transparency Equity, Rule.
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Water Governance
Water governance considers the political,
economic and social processes and institutions by
which governments, civil society and the private
sector make decisions about how best to use,
develop and manage water resources. It includes
mechanisms and institutions through which all
involved stakeholders, including citizens and
interest groups, articulate their priorities,
exercise their legal rights, meet their
obligations and mediate their differences. UNDP,
Water governance for poverty reduction. Key
issues and the UNDP response to MDG, New York,
2004.
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Water Governance

• Does it just appear?
• Overall conditions and enabling environment must
  be appropriate
• Parties should be agreeable to collective
  decision making
• Effective and functional organisations must be
  developed
• Policy, legal and political frameworks should be
  suitable for specific goals

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• Water Governance
• Complexity of Participation
• Governing issues are neither public nor private
  they are shared
• Diffusion of governing activities at all levels
• Creation of social-political structures and
  processes to stimulate communication between all
  actors involved
• Creation of common responsibilities to solve
  societal problems or create societal
  opportunities (institutions/norms)

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• Water Governance
• Integration of views and
• Interdependence of actors
• Coordination uncertainty and loss of autonomy
• Cooperation mutual interests
• Decision-making processes
• Willingness of members of formal and informal
  groups and society to collaborate, participate,
  learn and interact

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Finding the right balances
MEXICO CITY METROPOLITAN AREA SINGAPORE
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Mexico City Metropolitan Area

• Area of 4,925 km2
• 1,484 km2 in Mexico City
• 3,441 km2 in State of Mexico
• 0.3 of land and 22-25 of
• population
• 16 boroughs of Mexico City
• 34 municipalities of State of
• Mexico
• 45 of commercial, services
• and industrial activities
• 32 of the GDP

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Population density, Metropolitan Area of Mexico
City
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Water needs, Metropolitan Area of Mexico City
9 million people in Mexico City (95.3 have
access to water) 14 million in State of Mexico
(84.2 have access to water) 364 l/person/day
in Mexico City 230 l/person/day in State of
Mexico 290 l/person/day
(including industries, services, unauthorized
uses and leakages of 30-40)

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Sources for drinking water for the Metropolitan
Area (m3/s)
Mexico City State of Mexico Total

INTERNAL SOURCES 20.0 25.2 45.2 68.5
Wells 19.0 24.8 43.8 66.4
Rivers and springs 1.0 0.4 1.4 2.1
EXTERNAL SOURCES 14.8 6.0 20.8 31.5
Cutzamala 9.9 5.0 14.9 22.6
Lerma 4.9 1.0 5.9 8.9
TOTAL 34.8 (52.7) 31.2 (47.3) 66.0 100.0

Source DGCOH, 1997 CAEM, 2002.
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External sources of water
Lerma River 1942 4 m3/s 1965-1976 14
m3/s 6 m3/s Cutzamala System 1982
4 m3/s 1985 6 m3/s 1993 9 m3/s
23 million/m3 1997 14 m3/s
Water has to be transferred from more than 150 km
away, pumped to a height of more than 1000 m. It
requires 102 pumping stations, 17 tunnels and 8
km of canals, becoming a very energy-expensive
operation
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Source Tortajada, 2003.
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Cutzamala System - Cost

• Only the construction of Cutzalama system
• (1300 million) was higher than the national
  investment in the entire public sector in Mexico
  in 1996, including
• education (700 million)
• health and social security (400 million)
• agriculture, livestock and rural development
• (105 million)
• tourism (50 million) and
• marine sector (60 million).

Source CNA, 1997.
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Groundwater abstraction from the aquifer

• Abstraction of 45- 48 m3/s
• Natural recharge rate - 20 m3/s Overexplotation
  - 25-28 m3/s
• Lowering of the water table and land subsidence
  at the rate of 10-40 cm/year in some parts of the
  city

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Abstraction of water (m3)/subsidence in Mexico
City

• Damages to the infrastructures for water supply
  and sewerage systems
• Construction of costly pumping systems to remove
  rainwater and wastewater from the City
• Degradation of groundwater quality

Source Lesser Cortés, 1998.
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Subsidence in Mexico City
City centre, 10 cm Airport, 20-25 cm
Source Mazari-Hiriart et al., 2001.
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Problems...

• Flooding
• Difference in levels between some parts of the
  City and the collectors
• Inability of the overall system to pump all the
  water out of the City in rainy season
• Due to the subsidence of the City, downtown is 7
  m below the highest point of the Grand Canal,
  which makes it difficult for the water to be
  pumped out of the area

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Problems...

• Pollution of groundwater
• Faecal coliforms
• Bacterias such as Aeromonas, Pseudomonas,
  Staphylococcus and Vibrio in the southern and
  eastern part of the City
• Helicobacter pylory, related to ulcers and
  stomach cancer in the aquifer in the area of
  Xochimilco and in water of Cutzamala before being
  treated.

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Wastewater discharges (m3/s)
USE MEXICO CITY MEXICO CITY STATE OF MEXICO STATE OF MEXICO
CONCESSIONS VOLUME DISCHARGED CONCESSIONS VOLUME DISCHARGED
TOTAL 31 745.48 689 6.81
23.63 m3/s
0.2159 m3/s
23.85 m3/s
45-50 m3/s
Irrigation of 90,000 ha in the Mezquital Valley
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Subsidence in D.F. and Infrastructure problems
1910
Gravity Sewage System
Tequisquiac Tunnel
Mexico City
Grand Canal Slope 19 cm/km
1950
Pumping Sewage System
Slope 12 cm/km
1970
Pumping Sewage System
Slope 10 cm/km
1990
Pumping Sewage System
Slope ?0
Interceptors
Central Deep Drainage
Source National Research Council, 1995.
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STRATEGY FOR WATER MANAGEMENT FOR MEXICO CITY,
1992 Water supply Financial self-sufficiency
Metered service Programme on leakages detection
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PRIVATE SECTOR COMPANIES, 1994
Zone COMPANY PARTNERS AREAS NUMBER OF CONNECTIONS

A SAPSA ICA CIE. Generale des eux Banamex Gustavo A. Madero Azcapotzalco Cuauthemoc 298,557
B IASA Brittingham Severn Trent Benito Juarez, Coyoacan, Iztacalco and Venustiano Carranza 257,825
C TECSA Bufete Ind. Lyonnaise Bancomer Iztapalapa, Tlahuac, Xochimilco and Milpa Alta 327,408
D AGUAMEX Gutza Northwest water Tlalpan, Magdalena Contreras, Alvaro Obregon, Cuajimalpa and Miguel Hidalgo 263,789
Source CADF, 1994.
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• ACTIVITIES
• SERVICE TO CLIENTS METERS, READING,
  DISTRIBUTION OF BILLS, COLLECTION OF FEES,
  INFORMATION OFFICES.
• HUMAN RESOURCES AND SYSTEMS (QUALITY CONTROL).
• TECHNICAL SERVICES STATISTICS OF USERS AND
  NETWORKS, REPLACEMENT OF METERS.
• OPERATIONS MAINTENANCE OF METERS AND PIPES (LEAK
  DETECTION AND REPAIR).

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• RESULTS
• UPDATE LIST OF USERS AND CONNECTIONS
• COMPUTARIZED SYSTEM (USERS, CONNECTIONS, METERS
  INSTALLED, CONSUMPTION, BILLS, COLLECTION OF
  FEES, DEBTS).
• PROGRAMME ON LEAKES DETECTION.
• NO EXCEMPTIONS (EDUCATION AND HEALTH SECTOR).
• DISCOUNTS RETIRED PESONNEL HAS ONE-YEAR
  RENEWABLE DISCOUNTS. PEOPLE FROM DISTANT PLACES
  WITH NO REGULAR SERVICE.

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Efficiency indicators for drinking water
management in Mexico City
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
VOLUME OF DELIVERED WATER (MILLION OF m3) 686.6 690.6 691.9 720.2 752.8 752.2
USERS WITH BILL (THOUSANDS) 1,477.5 1,620.2 1,644.0 1,681.1 1,7020.0 1,769.1
NO. OF BILLS FOR METERED SERVICE (THOUSANDS) 725.6 1,260.6 1,408.3 1,505.1 1,552.8 1,582.7
CHARGED WATER (BILLION PESOS) 1.1 1.5 2.1 4.6 2.8 3.2
BILLED WATER (BILLION PESOS) 1.7 2.4 2.7 7.2 3.5 3.8
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Finding the right balances
MEXICO CITY METROPOLITAN AREA SINGAPORE
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Unaccounted for Water, Singapore, 1990-2004
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Domestic water consumption, 1995-2005
Year
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Average monthly bill, inclusive of all taxes (in
S) 1980-2005

Year
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Number of accounts served per staff
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FINAL REFLEXION
(Prison of Socrates, Athens)
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Natural Resources finding the right balance...

• Route - desired direction
• Security (water, food, energy, ecosystems...),
  adaptivity, welfare
• Actor
• Society, stakeholders, administration,
  individuals, households, traditional communities,
  corporations...
• Instruments
• Technology, governance, capacity building,
  leadership, management, organisation,
  communication, coordination, awareness...
• Rules
• Moral codes, laws, customary laws, commitments,
  human rights, participation...
• Externalities
• Globalisation, climate change, demography
  (migrations, urbanisation, aging), diseases,
  health, political changes...

Varis, O., and A. Press, 2006.
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The concept of Development
Modified from Maxwell, S. 1996. Food security
a post-modern perspective. Food Policy 21
155-170.
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Natural Resources finding the right balance...

• Desired direction (route)
• Security (water, food, energy, ecosystems...),
  adaptivity, welfare
• Actor
• Society, stakeholders, administration,
  individuals, households, traditional communities,
  corporations...
• Instruments
• Technology, governance, capacity building,
  leadership, management, organisation,
  communication, coordination, awareness...
• Rules
• Moral codes, laws, customary laws, commitments,
  human rights, participation...
• Externalities
• Globalisation, climate change, demography
  (migrations, urbanisation, aging), diseases,
  health, political changes...

Varis, O., and A. Press, 2006.
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