MARE 194

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MARE 194

• Annelids, Mollusks, Gastropods, more of
  Hawaiian Reef Waters

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Recallyes, again
All invertebrates are animals with NO backbone
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Major Animal Groups
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Flatworms

• large, free-living or parasitic marine flatworms
• often mistaken for sea slugs because of brilliant
  color patterns

Fuchsia Flatworm
Divided Flatworm
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Flatworms

• Parasitic flatworm on Montipora corals

Prosthiostomum montiporae
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Annelids

• Segmented worms related to earthworms leeches

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Polychaete Worms
Annelids

• Name means many hairs
• Have stiff hairs/bristles
• All MARINE

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Polychaete Worms
Annelids

• Fireworms ? MOST COMMON

aha huluhulu ? hairy cord

• Lined Fireworm (Pherecardia striata)
• Common on reefs, searching for small invertebrate
  prey
• Attains several inches
• Bristle-like setae deliver painful sting become
  embedded in skin

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Polychaete Worms
Annelids

• MOST COMMON

• Feather Duster Worm (Sabellastarte spectabilis)
• Common in calm waters abundant phytoplankton
• body in flexible tube formed by adhesion of silt
  from water column
• feathery crown allows suspension feeding, varies
  in color
• 5 in diameter

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Polychaete Worms
Annelids

• MOST COMMON

• Christmas Tree Worm (Spirobranchus giganteus)
• Common in Porites corals, limestone reef rock
• worm's body creates a tunnel extends a pair of
  colorful crowns ? gills food gathering devices
• rapidly retracted when disturbed hole covered by
  a hard operculum. 
• Hawaiian worms are only 1/2 in tall

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Polychaete Worms
Annelids

• MOST COMMON

• Spaghetti Worms (Loima medusa) ?kauna oa
• Common in tidepools, shallow reefs, rubble
• Feeding tentacles are extended from animal's body
  (buried in the substrate.) 
• Body 12 in tentacles may be gt 4 ft long 
• Preyed upon by large cone shells

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Mollusks

• muscular foot used for locomotion
• Mantle tissue ? secretes CaCO3 shell
• Many have a radula, a chitonous scraping tongue

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Gastropods
Mollusks

• Cone Shells

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Gastropods
Mollusks

• Cone Shells ? ENDEMIC to HI

• Abbreviated Cone (Conus abbreviatus) 
• Common on reefs/tidepools
• 2 in  
• Only Living Endemic

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Gastropods
Mollusks

• Cone Shells ? Most Common

• Hebrew Cone (Conus ebraeus)
• Common on reefs tidepools
• Reaches largest size in HI, 3 in
• Animal has red siphon

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Gastropods
Mollusks

• Limpets (opihi)

• Hawaiian limpet (Cellana sandwicensis)
• On boulders in the high intertidal zone
• Has coarse ribs animal's foot is yellow
• Shell interior is light gray attains 2.5 in
• Cellana exarata has finer ribs, gray foot, dark
  gray interior
• Cellana talcosa attains 4 in interior is white
• All spp are endemic but rare in accessible areas
• Highly prized for food, but 5 annual drownings
  associated w/ fishing practices

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Gastropods
Mollusks

• Nerites Worm Snails

• Variable Worm Snail  (Serpulorbis
• variabilis)   kaunaoa
• Vermetids
• Permanently cemented to rocks
• Food capture by mucus, or filtering
• High wave areas

• Common Nerite (Nerita picea)   pipipi
• Abundant in the high intertidal zone
• Feeds upon algal film
• May be boiled and eaten
• Possibly endemic

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Gastropods
Mollusks

• Cowries
• animals' mantle is on outside
• secreting the shell from top-down keeping it
  protected most other shells secreted from
  inside-out
• remain hidden during day
• emerge at night to feed  
• Empty but intact shells are usually result of
  predation by cone shells
• Algal or sponge grazers

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Gastropods
Mollusks

• Cowries ? ENDEMIC to HI

• Maui Cowry (Cypraea mauiensis)
• Rare endemic sp found under rocks/rubble
• Breeding colonies mostly found on Maui Hawaii,
  shallow H2O
• Reaches 1/2 in

• Half-Swimmer Cowry (Cypraea semiplota)
• A rare endemic sp found on black sponge
• Once thought extinct, populations flux
• Extremities are pitted dark brown, light orange
  teeth distally elongate
• Less than 1 in

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Gastropods
Mollusks

• Cowries ? Most Common

• Humpback Cowry (Cypraea mauritiana)
• Normally restricted to high-wave basalt cliffs or
  breakwaters
• Typically beat-up in appearance due to exposure
  to big waves
• Large heavy, it attains at least 4 in

• Reticulated cowry (Cypraea maculifera)
• Common in rough shallow water in holes under
  large slabs
• Juveniles are brown w/ numerous light zigzag
  patterns
• Usually about 3-4 in long 

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Gastropods
Mollusks

• Cowries ? Most Common

• Tiger Cowry (Cypraea tigris)
• Found exposed next to coral heads or in holes
  along ledges at shallow scuba depths
• Now uncommon due to over-collecting
• Mantle is only extended at night
• Attains the largest size in HI waters, gt 5 in
• More common along Kona coast but smaller in size

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Gastropods
Mollusks

• Tritons (naunau)
• Covered w/ hairy skin-like covering
  (periostracum)
• Feed on echinoderms mollusks
• Subdue w/ acid secretions
• Pu, a Hawaiian conch shell, played like a
  ceremonial fanfare trumpet
• capable of emitting a sounds carrying up to 2
  miles

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Gastropods
Mollusks

• Tritons Trumpet (Charonia tritonis)
• One of few predators
• of Crown-of-Thorns
• Also feed on Pencil Urchins
• Will rush their prey w/
• unexpected speed
• foot to seize the prey
• Secretes paralyzing toxins
• Shell up to 20 in
• Shells can cost up to 2000

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Gastropods? Nudibranchs, Bubble Shells, Sea
Hares
Mollusks

• Sea Slugs
• Evolutionary process of abandoning shells in
  favor of chemical/biological defenses

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Gastropods? Nudibranchs, Bubble Shells, Sea
Hares
Mollusks

• ENDEMIC to HI

• Kahuna Slug (Thorunna kahuna)
• Rare on shallow silty ledges
• Translucent pink body w/ purple rim white
  mantle glands fore aft
• Gills wriggle as it crawls
• lt 1 in

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Gastropods? Nudibranchs, Bubble Shells, Sea
Hares
Mollusks

• Most Common

• Spanish Dancer (Hexabranchus sanguineus)
• Usually coiled, but if touched flares out ?
  size
• Contain sponge-induced poisons
• Egg coils look like roses, also contain poisons

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Gastropods? Nudibranchs, Bubble Shells, Sea
Hares
Mollusks

• Sea Hares? Most Common
• Vestigal shell may be present
• May contain poisons
• Old Hawaii?wrapped in ti leaves baked in imu

• Common Sea Hare (Dolabrifera dolabrifera)
• Shallow water, intertidal zone
• Algae eaters
• Lay eggs in zigzag clusters
• 1.5 in

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Bivalves
Mollusks

• (2 hinged shells)

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Bivalves
Mollusks

• Mussels? ENDEMIC to HI
• Hawaiian Mussel (Brachidontes crebristriatus)
• High wave areas, usually ½ buried
• Like freshwater input

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Bivalves
Mollusks

• Pearl Oysters? Most Common
• Blacklipped Pearl Oyster (Pinctada margaritifera
  )
• Uncommon in quiet bays shallow reefs
• Attached to reef at the hinge end w/ byssal
  threads NOT TRUE OYSTER
• Easily identified by the fringed opening of
  valves
• Produces high-quality pearls cultured
  extensively outside Hawaii
• Nearly exterminated locally, early 1900s
• Illegal to collect

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Cephalopods
Mollusks

• modification of the mollusk foot
• Ejects ink defense

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Cephalopods
Mollusks

• Octopus ? Most Common

• Day Octopus (Octopus cyanea)? Hee
• Can occupy very shallow areas
• Crab-eater
• Complex defense mechanisms
• Hiding
• Jets water via funnel
• Wraps itself in arms
• Builds stone wall
• Can change color quickly, adjusting to any
  background
• Can also pucker skin into complex warts, bumps

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Professor with Ink on his Face
Day Octopus