LoanWordTypology

1

• LoanWordTypology
• The Case Of Otomí
• Ewald Hekking Querétaro
• Dik Bakker - Amsterdam

2
Otomí

• Otomí (Hnäñho)
• Otopame gt Oto-Mangue
• Querétaro (Mexico)

3
(No Transcript)
4
Otomí
5
Otomí

• Over 450.000 speakers

6
Otomí

• Over 450.000 speakers
• 9 dialects (LWT Santiago Mexquititlán)

7
Otomí

• Over 450.000 speakers
• 9 dialects (LWT Santiago Mexquititlán)
• Great variety in bilingualism

8
Otomí

• Over 450.000 speakers
• 9 dialects (LWT Santiago Mexquititlán)
• Great variety in bilingualism
• Good descriptions

9
Otomí

• Over 450.000 speakers
• 9 dialects (LWT Santiago Mexquititlán)
• Great variety in bilingualism
• Good descriptions
• Field work (mainly Hekking)

10
Otomí

• Over 450.000 speakers
• 9 dialects (LWT Santiago Mexquititlán)
• Great variety in bilingualism
• Good descriptions
• Field work (Hekking)
• Spelling system (Hekking)

11
Contact History
12
Contact History
lt 1000 Otomí neighbours (Otomanguan)
13
Contact History
lt 1000 Otomí neighbours (Otomanguan) 1000
1500 Nahuatl (Uto-Aztec)
14
Contact History
lt 1000 Otomí neighbours (Otomanguan) 1000
1500 Nahuatl (Uto-Aztec) lt 1300 Otomi
culturally dominant
15
Contact History
lt 1000 Otomí neighbours (Otomanguan) 1000
1500 Nahuatl (Uto-Aztec) lt 1300 Otomi
culturally dominant gt 1300 Aztecs dominant
16
Contact History
lt 1000 Otomí neighbours (Otomanguan) 1000
1500 Nahuatl (Uto-Aztec) lt 1300 Otomi
culturally dominant gt 1300 Aztecs dominant gt
1500 Spanish gt all indigenous lgs
17
Contact History (1500 - 1800)
18
Contact History (1500 - 1800)

• Fray Alonso de Rangel, (arr. 1529, 1547).
• - Arte i Doctrina Cristiana en lengua Otomí
• Spelling system

19
Contact History (1500 - 1800)

• Fray Alonso de Rangel, (arr. 1529, 1547).
• - Arte i Doctrina Cristiana en lengua Otomí
• Spelling system
• Fray Pedro Cáceres (Querétaro, around 1580)
• Arte de la lengua Otomí

20
Contact History (1500 - 1800)

• Fray Alonso de Rangel, (arr. 1529, 1547).
• - Arte i Doctrina Cristiana en lengua Otomí
• Spelling system
• Fray Pedro Cáceres (Querétaro, around 1580)
• Arte de la lengua Otomí
• Fray Alonso Urbano (around 1600)
• Arte breve de la lengua otomí y vocabulario
• trilingüe, Español-Otomí-Náhuatl

21
Contact History (gt 1800)
22
Contact History (gt 1800)

• Independence of Mexico in 1813

23
Contact History (gt 1800)

• Independence of Mexico in 1813
• Indigenous groups no longer recognized
• officially

24
Contact History (gt 1800)

• Independence of Mexico in 1813
• Indigenous groups no longer recognized
• officially
• Otomí no longer written by authorities

25
Contact History (gt 1800)

• Independence of Mexico in 1813
• Indigenous groups no longer recognized
• officially
• Otomí no longer written by authorities
• Language shift starts

26
Contact History (gt 1900)
27
Contact History (gt 1900)

• Mexican Revolution (1911-1917)

28
Contact History (gt 1900)

• Mexican Revolution (1911-1917)
• No social changes indigenous groups

29
Contact History (gt 1900)

• Mexican Revolution (1911-1917)
• No social changes indigenous groups
• Otomís lowest social levels society

30
Contact History (gt 1900)

• Mexican Revolution (1911-1917)
• No social changes indigenous groups
• Otomís lowest social levels society
• Remote and less fertile highlands

31
Contact History (gt 1900)

• Mexican Revolution (1911-1917)
• No social changes indigenous groups
• Otomís lowest social levels society
• Remote and less fertile highlands
• Migration to bigger towns

32
Contact History (gt 1980)
33
Contact History (gt 1980)

• Construction roads and schools

34
Contact History (gt 1980)

• Construction roads and schools
• Growing influence media

35
Contact History (gt 1980)

• Construction roads and schools
• Growing influence media
• Increasing trade and emigration

36
Contact History (gt 1980)

• Construction roads and schools
• Growing influence media
• Increasing trade and emigration
• ?Increasing contact Otomís
• Spanish speaking Mestizos

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Data Collection
38
Data Collection

• Two dialects Santiago and Tolimán

39
Data Collection

• Two dialects Santiago and Tolimán
• Project includes several local assistents

40
Data Collection

• Two dialects Santiago and Tolimán
• Project includes several local assistents
• Recording in home of informants

41
Data Collection

• Two dialects Santiago and Tolimán
• Project includes several local assistents
• Recording in home of informants
• Collected 59 protocols

42
Data Collection

• Two dialects Santiago and Tolimán
• Project includes several local assistents
• Recording in home of informants
• Collected 59 protocols
• Total corpus 110.500 tokens

43
Borrowing from Spanish
 
 
tokens
44
Borrowing from Spanish
 
 
tokens
45
Borrowing from Spanish
 
 
TYPES
46
Loan Word Typology
47
Loan Word Typology
LWT lexicon has been collected
48
Loan Word Typology
LWT lexicon has been collected Hekking, Ewald
Severiano Andrés de Jesús (1989) Diccionario
Español-Otomí de Santiago Mexquititlán.
49
Loan Word Typology
LWT lexicon has been collected Hekking, Ewald
Severiano Andrés de Jesús (1989) Diccionario
Español-Otomí de Santiago Mexquititlán. Hekking,
Ewald Severiano Andrés de Jesús
(fc) Diccionario Otomí-Español y explicativo del
Estado de Queretaro. Universidad de Querétaro.
50
Loan Word Typology
LWT lexicon has been collected Hekking, Ewald
Severiano Andrés de Jesús (1989) Diccionario
Español-Otomí de Santiago Mexquititlán. Hekking,
Ewald Severiano Andrés de Jesús
(fc) Diccionario Otomí-Español y explicativo del
Estado de Queretaro. Universidad de
Querétaro. Partially based on (earlier version
of) corpus
51
Loan Word Typology
LWT lexicon has been collected Hekking, Ewald
Severiano Andrés de Jesús (1989) Diccionario
Español-Otomí de Santiago Mexquititlán. Hekking,
Ewald Severiano Andrés de Jesús
(fc) Diccionario Otomí-Español y explicativo del
Estado de Queretaro. Universidad de
Querétaro. Partially based on (earlier version
of) corpus Based on dialect Santiago Valle de
Mezquital
52
Loan Word Typology
Types borrowed
53
Loan Word Typology
Types borrowed In corpus study (SM) 19.0
54
Loan Word Typology
Types borrowed In corpus study 19.0
Inserted 1422 (of 1460)
55
Loan Word Typology
Types borrowed In corpus study 19.0
Inserted 1422 Borrowed 194 (13.6 )
56
Loan Word Typology
Types borrowed In corpus study 19.0
Inserted 1422 Borrowed 194 (13.6 )
57
Loan Word Typology
Types borrowed In corpus study 19.0
Inserted 1422 Borrowed 194 (13.6
) Only Spanish 93 ( 6.5 )
58
Loan Word Typology
Types borrowed In corpus study 19.0
Inserted 1422 Borrowed 194 (13.6
) Only Spanish 93 ( 6.5 ) Also
Otomí synonym 91 ( 6.4 )
59
Loan Word Typology
Types borrowed In corpus study 19.0
Inserted 1422 Borrowed 194 (13.6
) Only Spanish 93 ( 6.5 ) Also
Otomí synonym 91 ( 6.4 ) Hybrid 10
( 0.7 )
60
E
D
61
Categories highest
CATEGORY N BOR NOT PRC
62
Categories highest
CATEGORY N BOR NOT PRC 1. MODERN
WORLD 57 27 11 47.4
63
Categories highest
CATEGORY N BOR NOT PRC 1. MODERN
WORLD 57 27 11 47.4 2. ANIMALS 106
36 27 34.0
64
Categories highest
CATEGORY N BOR NOT PRC 1. MODERN
WORLD 57 27 11 47.4 2. ANIMALS 106
36 27 34.0 3. AGRICULTURE 67 19 12 28.4
65
Categories highest
CATEGORY N BOR NOT PRC 1. MODERN
WORLD 57 27 11 47.4 2. ANIMALS 106
36 27 34.0 3. AGRICULTURE 67 19 12
28.4 4. DWELLING 47 10 4 21.3
66
Categories highest
CATEGORY N BOR NOT PRC 1. MODERN
WORLD 57 27 11 47.4 2. ANIMALS 106
36 27 34.0 3. AGRICULTURE 67 19 12
28.4 4. DWELLING 47 10 4 21.3 5. TIME
57 12 8 21.1
67
Categories highest
CATEGORY N BOR NOT PRC 1. MODERN
WORLD 57 27 11 47.4 2. ANIMALS 106
36 27 34.0 3. AGRICULTURE 67 19 12
28.4 4. DWELLING 47 10 4 21.3 5. TIME
57 12 8 21.1 T O T A L 28.9
53.6
68
Categories highest
CATEGORY N BOR NOT PRC 1. MODERN
WORLD 57 27 11 47.4 2. ANIMALS 106
36 27 ? 75.0 3. AGRICULTURE 67 19 12
28.4 4. DWELLING 47 10 4 21.3 5. TIME
57 12 8 21.1 T O T A L 28.9
53.6
69
Only borrowing
the bee kolmenä the beehive kolmenä the
beeswax sera kolmenä the bull doro the
camel kameyo the cow baga the
crocodile kokodrilo the dove palomä the
duck badu the elephant elefante
70
Only borrowing
the fox sorro the goose ganso the
heron garsa the lion liyon the ox boi the
parrot loro the shark tiburon the wolf lobo
71
Hybrid borrowing
72
Hybrid borrowing
the bull doro the ox boi the cow baga
73
Hybrid borrowing
the bull doro the ox boi the cow baga the
calf t'olo doro t'u boi tolo baga
74
Hybrid borrowing
the bull doro the ox boi the cow baga the
calf t'olo doro t'u boi
co-hypo tolo baga
75
Hybrid borrowing?
the omen ? m-pre-beni NOM-pre-think
76
Extension and adaptation
77
Extension and adaptation
the horse fani (deer)
78
Extension and adaptation
the horse fani (deer) the
stallion ndofni the mare tsufni the foal or
colt t'ufni t'olo fani
79
Extension and adaptation
the horse fani (deer) the
stallion ndofni the mare tsufni the foal or
colt t'ufni t'olo fani the deer hogufani
(good horse) fantho (mountain horse)
80
The Universal Cat?
the cat ? mixi (cf. Yagui Spanish Dutch? )
81
The Universal Cat?
the cat ? mixi (cf. Yagui Spanish Dutch?
) ndomuxi (male.cat) tsumuxi (female.cat)
co-hypo t'umuxi (young.cat)
82
Categories lowest
CATEGORY N BOR NOT PRC
83
Categories lowest
CATEGORY N BOR NOT PRC 20.
UTTERANCE 41 3 0 7.3
84
Categories lowest
CATEGORY N BOR NOT PRC 20.
UTTERANCE 41 3 0 7.3 21. SPATIAL REL
74 4 2 5.4
85
Categories lowest
CATEGORY N BOR NOT PRC 20.
UTTERANCE 41 3 0 7.3 21. SPATIAL REL
74 4 2 5.4 22. BODYPARTS 158 8 3
5.1
86
Categories lowest
CATEGORY N BOR NOT PRC 20.
UTTERANCE 41 3 0 7.3 21. SPATIAL REL
74 4 2 5.4 22. BODYPARTS 158 8 3
5.1 23. PERCEPTION 49 2 0 4.1
87
Categories lowest
CATEGORY N BOR NOT PRC 20.
UTTERANCE 41 3 0 7.3 21. SPATIAL REL
74 4 2 5.4 22. BODYPARTS 158 8 3
5.1 23. PERCEPTION 49 2 0 4.1 24. PHYS.
WORLD 73 2 1 2.7
88
Categories lowest
CATEGORY N BOR NOT PRC 20.
UTTERANCE 41 3 0 7.3 21. SPATIAL REL
74 4 2 5.4 22. BODYPARTS 158 8 3
5.1 23. PERCEPTION 49 2 0 4.1 24. PHYS.
WORLD 73 2 1 2.7 T O T A L 27.1
9.8
89
Body Parts
90
Body Parts
the lung pulmon the kidney riñu
91
Body Parts
the lung pulmon the kidney riñu BUT
92
Body Parts
the lung pulmon the kidney riñu BUT the
heart mui the stomach mui the liver ya the
spleen ye the intestines/guts xefo
93
Days of the Week
94
Days of the Week
the week sumänä
95
Days of the Week
the week sumänä Sunday ndomingo Monday nonx
i Tuesday yopa (day 2) Wednesday hñupa (day
3) Thursday nhwebe Friday mbehe
(fast) Saturday nsabdo
96
Days of the Week
the week sumänä Sunday ndomingo Monday nonx
i Tuesday yopa (day 2) Wednesday hñupa
(day 3) Thursday nhwebe Friday mbehe
(fasting) Saturday nsabdo
97
Days of the Week
the week sumänä Sunday ndomingo Monday nonx
i Tuesday yopa (day 2) Wednesday hñupa
(day 3) Thursday nhwebe Friday mbehe
(fasting) Saturday nsabdo
98
Parts of speech
99
Parts of speech
4 77 the corpse animä
100
Parts of speech
4 77 the corpse animä 4 771 the
carcass animä/ndu
101
Parts of speech
4 77 the corpse animä 4 771 the
carcass animä/ndu 4 7501 dead animä/ndu
102
Parts of speech
4 77 the corpse animä 4 771 the
carcass animä/ndu 4 7501 dead animä/ndu
103
Parts of speech
4 77 the corpse animä 4 771 the
carcass animä/ndu 4 7501 dead animä/ndu
104
Parts of speech
4 77 the corpse animä N 4 771 the
carcass animä/ndu N 4 7501 dead animä/ndu A
105
Missing entries
106
Missing entries
T O T A L 1460
107
Missing entries
T O T A L 1460 M I S S I N G 38
(2.6)
108
Missing entries
T O T A L 1460 M I S S I N G 38
(2.6) CATEGORY N MISS BRW
109
Missing entries
T O T A L 1460 M I S S I N G 38
(2.6) CATEGORY N MISS
BOR ANIMALS 116 ? 10 2
110
Missing Animals
3 99 the tapir 3 597 the cormorant 3
654 the gill 3 664 the stingray 3 665
the freshwater eel 3 831 the sandfly or
midge or gnat 3 834 the termites 3 866
the raccoon 3 871 the reindeer/caribou 3
873 the beaver
111
Missing entries
T O T A L 1460 M I S S I N G 38
(2.6) CATEGORY N MISS
BRW ANIMALS 116 ? 10
2 AGRICULTURE 74 ? 7
3
112
Missing Agriculture
8 26 the fork(2)/pitchfork 8 74 the
forked branch 8 85 the banyan 8 92
the cassava/manioc 8 121 the paddy 8 912
the yam 8 991 the larch
113
Missing entries
T O T A L 1460 M I S S I N G 38
(2.6) CATEGORY N MISS
BRW ANIMALS 116 ? 10
2 AGRICULTURE 74 ? 7
3 OTHERS
114
Missing Others
1 342 the reef 1 771 the arctic
lights 6 98 the snowshoe 10 79 the
sledge/sled 10 84 the raft 10 88 the
sail 10 89 the anchor 22 5 the
circumcision 22 132 the mosque
115
Missing Others
1 342 the reef 1 771 the arctic
lights 6 98 the snowshoe 10 79 the
sledge/sled 10 84 the raft 10 88 the
sail 10 89 the anchor 22 5 the
circumcision 22 132 the mosque
116
Missing Others
1 342 the reef 1 771 the arctic
lights 6 98 the snowshoe 10 79 the
sledge/sled 10 84 the raft 10 88 the
sail 10 89 the anchor 22 5 the
circumcision 22 132 the mosque
117
Missing Others
1 342 the reef 1 771 the arctic
lights 6 98 the snowshoe 10 79 the
sledge/sled 10 84 the raft 10 88 the
sail 10 89 the anchor 22 5 the
circumcision 22 132 the mosque
118
Frequency
 C O R P U S OTOMI SPANISH TYPES 8016
(77.8) 2284 (22.2) TOKENS 94970 (85.9) 15571
(14.1) LWT 194 (13.6 )
119
Frequency
 C O R P U S OTOMI SPANISH TYPES 8016
(77.8) 2284 (22.2) TOKENS 94970 (85.9) 15571
(14.1) LWT 194 (13.6 )
120
Frequency
 C O R P U S OTOMI SPANISH TYPES 8016
(77.8) 2284 (22.2) TOKENS 94970 (85.9) 15571
(14.1) LWT 194 (13.6 ) LWT FOUND IN
CORPUS TYPES 98 (51 )
121
Frequency
 C O R P U S OTOMI SPANISH TYPES 8016
(77.8) 2284 (22.2) TOKENS 94970 (85.9) 15571
(14.1) LWT 194 (13.6 ) LWT FOUND IN
CORPUS TYPES 98 (4.3 )
122
Frequency
 C O R P U S OTOMI SPANISH TYPES 8016
(77.8) 2284 (22.2) TOKENS 94970 (85.9) 15571
(14.1) LWT 194 (13.6 ) LWT FOUND IN
CORPUS TYPES 98 (4.3 ) TOKENS
2637 (16.9 )
123
Number of tokens
FREQUENCY OF LWT IN CORPUS (N98)
124
Number of tokens
FREQUENCY OF LWT IN CORPUS (N98) 1 23
125
Number of tokens
FREQUENCY OF LWT IN CORPUS (N98)
1 23 2-9 37
126
Number of tokens
FREQUENCY OF LWT IN CORPUS (N98)
1 23 2-9 37 10-99 33
127
Number of tokens
FREQUENCY OF LWT IN CORPUS (N98)
1 23 2-9 37 10-99 33 100- 5 (MAX.
892 KO PREP)
128
Number of speakers
FREQUENCY OF LWT IN CORPUS (N59)
129
Number of speakers
FREQUENCY OF LWT IN CORPUS (N59) 1 29
130
Number of speakers
FREQUENCY OF LWT IN CORPUS (N59)
1 29 2-5 22
131
Number of speakers
FREQUENCY OF LWT IN CORPUS (N59)
1 29 2-5 22 6-10 20
132
Number of speakers
FREQUENCY OF LWT IN CORPUS (N59)
1 29 2-5 22 6-10 20 gt10 27
133
Other contact languages

• lt 1000 Otomí neighbours (Otomanguan)
• 1000 1500 Nahuatl (Uto-Aztec)
• lt 1300 Otomi culturally dominant
• gt 1300 Aztecs dominant
• gt 1500 Spanish gt all indigenous lgs

134
Other contact languages

• lt 1000 Otomí neighbours (Otomanguan)
• 1000 1500 Nahuatl (Uto-Aztec)
• lt 1300 Otomi culturally dominant
• gt 1300 Aztecs dominant
• gt 1500 Spanish gt all indigenous lgs
• Nahuatl the snake ? kwate (coatl)

135
Other contact languages

• lt 1000 Otomí neighbours (Otomanguan)
• 1000 1500 Nahuatl (Uto-Aztec)
• lt 1300 Otomi culturally dominant
• gt 1300 Aztecs dominant
• gt 1500 Spanish gt all indigenous lgs
• Nahuatl the snake ? kwate (coatl)
• Few traces of other loans ? pattern programme

136
Pattern Tools
137
Pattern Tools
PAT 1
138
Pattern Tools
Pure text L1
PAT 1
139
Pattern Tools
Pure text L1
PAT 1
Tab L1
140
Pattern Tools
Pure text L2
PAT 1
Tab L1
141
Pattern Tools
Pure text L2
PAT 1
Tab L1
Tab L2
142
Pattern Tools
Pure text L3
PAT 1
Tab L1
Tab L2
143
Pattern Tools
Pure text L3
PAT 1
Tab L1
Tab L3
Tab L2
144
Pattern File (Otomí)
di 0.00239357 0.00824985 di
0.00230809 0.00795522 da 0.00230809
0.00795522 ho 0.00230809 0.00795522ma
0.00222260 0.00596878yo 0.00222260
0.00596878xi 0.00222260 0.00766058on
0.00222260 0.00596878nt 0.00222260
0.00596878xu 0.00213712 0.00573921 ne
0.00213712 0.00736594 ma 0.00205163
0.00707130ñä 0.00205163 0.00550964
145
Pattern File (Spanish)
uri 0.00017888 0.00064183men
0.00017888 0.00064183he 0.00017888
0.00064183ac 0.00017888 0.00053036aca
0.00017888 0.00064183car 0.00017888
0.00064183 zac 0.00017888 0.00081264zaca
0.00017888 0.00081264acar 0.00017888
0.00081264 zaca 0.00017888
0.00109161zacar 0.00017888 0.00109161nob
0.00017226 0.00061806gram 0.00017226
0.00078254
146
Pattern Tools
PAT 1
Tab L1
Tab L3
Tab L2
PAT 2
147
Pattern Tools
PAT 1
Tab L1
Tab L3
Tab L2
Mixed text
PAT 2
148
Pattern Tools
PAT 1
Tab L1
Tab L3
Tab L2
Mixed text
PAT 2
Lex L1
Lex L3
Lex L2
149
Pattern Tools results
OTO SPAN NAH nar 2.094
0.028 0.000hondubu 1.613 0.052
0.000 nubya 1.424 0.158 0.000dängo
1.307 0.137 0.000 natsi
1.267 0.030 0.000
150
Pattern Tools results
OTO SPAN NAH nar 2.094
0.028 0.000hondubu 1.613 0.052
0.000 nubya 1.424 0.158 0.000dängo
1.307 0.137 0.000 natsi
1.267 0.030 0.000 jujwe 0.088
0.086 0.000mbokwe 0.149 0.147
0.000zote 0.107 0.105 0.036 xefo
0.105 0.104 0.010chä'chä
0.000 0.000 0.000 EQ
151
Pattern Tools results
SPAN OTO NAH skwela 0.419
0.163 0.000pa 0.386 0.228
0.033pasto 0.379 0.116 0.034para
0.375 0.306 0.041prisidente
0.368 0.155 0.046
152
Pattern Tools results
SPAN OTO NAH skwela 0.419
0.163 0.000pa 0.386 0.228
0.033pasto 0.379 0.116 0.034para
0.375 0.306 0.041prisidente
0.368 0.155 0.046 un 0.021
0.018 0.006acá 0.017 0.000
0.000eje 0.014 0.002 0.002fácil
0.005 0.000 0.000café
0.001 0.000 0.000
153
Pattern Tools results
Otomí Spanish gt 99 right assignment
154
Pattern Tools results
Otomí Spanish gt 99 right
assignment Nahuatl tlacuache
chillar condicional
chiflar cascabel
cruz
155
Pattern Tools results
Otomí Spanish gt 99 right
assignment Nahuatl tlacuache
chillar condicional
chiflar cascabel
cruz
156
Radical approach
LWT Otomí
157
Radical approach
LWT Otomí
LWT Nahuatl
158
Radical approach
Urbano
LWT Otomí
LWT Nahuatl
159
References

• Hekking (1995, 2001, 2002)
• Hekking Bakker (1998a, 1998b, 1999, 2005)
• Bakker Hekking (1999)
• Bakker, Gómez Hekking (forthc)

160

• ?