THE RESTORATION, 1815-1830

1
THE RESTORATION, 1815-1830

• In France, marked by a bitter political struggle
  between
• Ultraroyalists
• Wanted to wipe out everything the French
  Revolution achieved
• Various liberal groups
• Wanted to preserve best reforms of 1789-1815
• Louis XVIII stood in between two extremes
• In sympathy with ultras but knew their goal would
  end in disaster
• Hence his moderation

2
CHARTER OF 1814

• Recognized major achievements of revolutionary
  years
• Guaranteed equality before the law
• Retained Napoleonic Code
• Confirmed titles to owners of confiscated land
• Preserved Concordat
• But it did not determine where real political
  power resided
• Especially ambiguous regarding precise powers of
  new bicameral legislature
• Chamber of Peers (members appointed for life)
• Chamber of Deputies (elected by 100,000 of the
  largest landowners

3
THE LEGISLATURE

• Charter invested king with executive power but
  did not clearly invest legislature with
  legislative power
• Only king could initiate legislation
• Legislature could reject or approve a bill but
  could not change it without kings consent
• Ministers were considered officers of the king
  and were not responsible to the legislature
• But principle of ministerial responsibility did
  become established during Restoration
• Although the king new formally conceded this right

4
SUMMARY

• Monarchy and its supporters insisted that the
  source of all political power was the king
• Others, to a limited degree, argued that the
  source of political power was the people and
  their elected representatives in the legislature
• Never worked out a formal and explicit compromise
• Instead, an uneasy, unspoken true developed
  between the two views
• Neither side ever actually conceded anything to
  the other in a formal way but instead simply
  allowed things to develop in a certain way
  without formal resistance
• Danger was that, in the future, one side might
  push too hard and force the other into a corner
  where it would have no other choice but to resist

5
FIRST PERIOD, 1815-1816

• Ultras won majority in Chamber of Deputies
• Proceeded to embarrass Louis XVIII by announcing
  their intention to abolish a number of
  institutions established between 1789-1815 and
  restore confiscated land to former owners
• Louis dissolves Chamber and calls for new
  elections

Count dArtois Head of the Ultraroyalists
6
SECOND PERIOD 1816-1820

• Period of general calm
• Ended with assassination of Duc de Berry
• Son of Count dArtois
• Assassin motivated by desire to end Bourbon line
• Didnt work Count de Chambord born nine months
  after event

7
THIRD PERIOD 1820-1830

• Era of increasing tension and repression
• Louis XVIII took less and less active role in
  government
• Died in 1824
• Count dArtois becomes new king
• Charles X

8
THE VILLÈLE MINISTRY I

• Berry assassination used as excuse for imposing
  restrictions on the press and revising electoral
  laws
• Count de Villèle
• Prime minister 1822-1828
• Ultras control Chamber of Deputies
• Passed Law of Indemnity
• Compensated nobles for loss of their estates
  during French Revolution
• Compensation was financed by reducing interest on
  government bonds

Count de Villèle
9
THE VILLÈLE MINISTRY II

• Law of Sacrilege
• 1823
• Imposed death penalty for offenses of an
  allegedly sacreligious character and for the
  theft of religious objects
• Appeared to put the state at the service of the
  Church
• Villèle undermined state educational system
  established by Napoleon
• Placed bishop at head of the system and fired
  liberal teachers
• Encouraged growth of Catholic seminaries outside
  of the state system
• Competed with state schools and undermined
  prestige and financial equilibrium of state system

10
FALL OF VILLÈLE

• Opposition grew to Villèle ministry
• Liberal newspapers contributed to this
• Liberal political society founded in 1827
• Aide-toi, et le ciel taidera formed to spread
  liberal propaganda
• New elections in 1827 result in victory of
  moderate royalists over Ultras
• King fires Villèle and replaces him with more
  moderate Viscount de Martignac

Charles X
11
PRINCE DE POLIGNAC

• Martinac relaxed reststrictions on press and
  fired some notorious Ultras from civil service
• But Ultras and liberal extremes harassed him
  mercilessly
• Providing Charles X with excused to fire him and
  replace him with Prince de Polignac
• One of the most diehard and fanatical Ultras in
  country
• Did not represent majority in Chamber of Deputies
  in any way

Prince de Polignac
12
CHARLES SHOWS HIS TRUE COLORS

• Charles clearly intended to move country back as
  close as possible to absolute monarchy
• Dissolves Chamber of Deputies when they petition
  for removal of Polignac
• New elections of 1830 return larger number of
  moderates to Chamber than in 1827
• Indicates most French voters, even though they
  were wealthy and conservative, did not approve of
  Charles intentions nor his methods

Nice dress!
13
JULY REVOLUTION OF 1830

• Charles issues July Ordinances before new
  Chamber even meets
• Dissolves new Chamber
• Established new electoral system that deprived
  all members of the bourgeoisie of the right to
  vote
• Imposed rigid censorship of the press
• Announcement of the July Ordinances provoked an
  insurrection in Paris
• The July Revolution of 1830

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THREE GLORIOUS DAYS

• Revolution occurred with minimum of violence
• Because government had not anticipated any
  trouble and made no preparations to resist
• Three Glorious Days
• Began in Paris on July 26
• Workers, students and some republican agitators
  build barricades on July 27
• By July 28, rebels took over city hall and raised
  tri-color flag
• King offered to fire Polignac but it was too late
  for concessions

Liberty leading the People Eugene Delacroix
15
LOUIS PHILIPPE

• Liberal leaders were afraid that events might get
  out of hand
• Favored a constitutional monarchy
• With Louis Philippe, Duc dOrleans, as king
• Cousin of Charles X
• Louis Philippe was ideal candidate for moderates
• Remained in France and had been officer in
  revolutionary army until 1793
• Believed to hold liberal political views

Louis Philippe, Duc dOrleans
16
KING OF THE FRENCH

• Louis Philippe still viewed Charles X as
  legitimate ruler until he renounced all claims to
  the throne
• Marquis de Lafayette intervened and convinced
  Louis Philippe to accept crown
• Accepted revised version of Charter of 1814
• Took title of King of the French
• Implied that he owed his throne to the popular
  will
• Revolution of 1830 was clear victory for the
  concept of popular sovereignty over the principle
  of absolute monarch

Marquis de Lafayette
King Louis Philippe
17
AUSTRIAN EMPIRE

• Controlled by Habsburg Dynasty
• Especially by prime minister, Prince Klemens von
  Metternich
• Metternich had spies everywhere reporting on any
  sort of evidence of liberalism or subversion

18
BIG DEAL ABOUT NOTHING

• In years after 1815 opposition was confined to
  tiny minority of students, a few army officers, a
  handful of liberal nobles, and a scattering of
  merchants
• Peasants were not concerned with political issue
• No numerically significant middle class yet
  existed

Prince Klemens von Metternich
19
NATIONALISM

• Opposition was more nationalist than it was
  specifically liberal
• In Austria, non-German groups demanded greater
  use of their language in schools and
  administration
• In Italy and Germany, some wanted greater freedom
  from Habsburg domination and a greater measure of
  unity
• Metternichs answer was always the same
• He ruthlessly suppressed them as threats to the
  delicate equilibrium of the Habsburg Empire
• Completely convinced that even the slightest
  attempt to tamper with the structure of the
  Habsburg government would bring everything
  crashing down
• Merely postponed the inevitable explosion

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Federal Diet Consisted of delegates appointed by
the rulers of each of the member states Met in
Frankfort-am-Main Function was undefined but it
was clear that it had been set up to be an
instrument for the exercise of Metternichs
influence throughout Germany
Germanic Confederation Loose confederation of 38
states (including Prussia and Austria)
21
REFORM IN GERMANY

• Number of German states had granted constitutions
  to their subjects
• Including Bavaria, Wurttemburg, and Baden
• Similar to French Charter of 1814
• Leadership for reform in Prussia came from Baron
  Heinrich von Stein (1807-1808) and Baron Karl von
  Hardenburg (1810-1817)
• Both convinced that recovery from Napoleonic
  defeats could only take place as a result of a
  series of political and institutional reforms

Von Stein
Von Hardenburg
22
PRUSSIAN REFORMS

• Abolition of serfdom
• Reduction in class distinctions
• Non-nobles allowed to buy land and nobles allowed
  to engage in trade and commerce
• Introduction of a system of municipal
  self-government
• Improvements in primary and secondary education
• Establishment of the University of Berlin
• Military reforms
• Eliminated harsh physical punishments
• Encouraged promotion by merit
• Introduced conscription

23
NO CONSTITUTION

• Frederick William III had promised during
  Napoleonic wars to create a legislature and a
  constitution which would establish representative
  government in Prussia
• Never happened
• Frederick William instead created Council of
  State made up of royal princes, ministers, and
  army commanders

Frederick William III
24
TURNVATER JAHN

• German students organized Burschenschaften at
  several German universities
• Student societies inspired by Friedrich Ludwig
  Jahn
• Had organized gymnastic societies during the
  Napoleonic Wars to bring about the physical and
  moral regeneration of German youth
• Nicknamed Turnvater Jahn
• Aggressive nationalist
• Preached hatred of things foreign
• Encourgaed disruptive behavior
• Anti-semitic

Friedrich Ludwig Jahn
25
BURSCHENSCHAFTEN ACTIVITY

• Burschenschaften members gathered at Wartburg
  Castle in 1817 to celebrate 300th anniversary of
  Luthers break with Rome and 4th anniversary of
  Battle of the Nations
• Speakers exhorted students to dedicate their
  lives to the holy cause of union and freedom
• Burned books by conservative and antinationalist
  authors
• In 1819, Karl Sand assassinated August von
  Kotzebue, a reactionary playwright
• Mentally disturbed Burschenschaften member
• Arrested and sentenced to death
• Prompts Metternich to issue Carlsbad Decrees

Karl Sand
26
CARLSBAD DECREES

• 1819
• Dissolved Burschenschaften
• Set up rigid censorship of the press
• Created elaborate system for rooting out
  subversive individuals in schools and
  universities
• Political opposition almost completely disappears
  after 1819 as a result
• Never strong to begin with

27
MORE REPRESSION

• News of July Revolution of 1830 in France
  inspired minor revolts in Baden, Saxony, and
  Hesse-Cassel
• Metternich convinced that they were part of
  international radical conspiracy
• Issues new series of decrees in 1832
• Following German Festival at Hambach where 25,000
  people drank toasts to Lafayette and denounced
  Metternich
• Prohibited public meetings and strengthened
  restrictions on universities

Festival at Hambach