The Arab-Israeli Conflict

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The Arab-Israeli Conflict
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Words to Know

• Jewish Diaspora
• Anti-Semitism
• Theodor Herzl
• Zionism
• Balfour Declaration
• U.N. Partition of Palestine
• Six Day War
• Nasser
• Yom Kippur War
• Camp David Accords
• Sadat
• Yasser Arafat
• PLO and Palestinian Authority
• Mahmoud Abbas
• Hezbollah

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Graphic Organizer
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A Long History

• 70 AD A revolt against Roman rule was put down
  by the Emperor Titus and the Second Temple was
  destroyed. This marks the beginning of the Jewish
  Diaspora, or dispersion.
• 638 AD saw region conquered by Muslims. Remained
  so up until defeat of Ottoman Empire in World War
  I.

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Graphic Organizer
Jewish Diaspora
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• In 1896, in response to anti-Semitism in Europe,
  Theodor Herzl, a Jew living in Vienna, Austria,
  wrote The Jewish State, a book promoting the
  Jewish people to seek their own nation.
• Movement became known as Zionism, and by 1903
  there were 25,000 Jews living in Palestine
  compared to half a million Arabs
• Believed Judaism should be viewed as a
  nationality with their own state
• Palestine not only area looked at for creation of
  Jewish state. Areas of Africa and South America
  were also considered

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Graphic Organizer
Jewish Diaspora
Theodor Herzl
Anti-Semitism
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• World War I brought the
• Ottoman Empire allied
• with Germany and
• Austria Hungary against
• Britain, France, and
• Russia.
• Great Britain did quite a bit of double dealing
• -Sent Lawrence of Arabia to encourage Bedouin
  tribes to revolt against Turks in exchange for
  independence. Colonel TE Lawrence
• -Also split up Ottoman Empire with France to be
  used as post war colonies
• -1917 British foreign minister Balfour issued
  famous Balfour Declaration saying the British
  government would work towards setting up a Jewish
  state in Palestine
• Legitimized Zionism

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Interactive Notebook Question (Left Side)

• Think-Pair-Share
• What is the term used to describe hatred of Jews?

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Balfour Declaration

• "His Majesty's Government view with favour the
  establishment in Palestine of a national home for
  the Jewish people, and will use their best
  endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this
  object, it being clearly understood that nothing
  shall be done which may prejudice the civil and
  religious rights of existing non-Jewish
  communities in Palestine, or the rights and
  political status enjoyed by Jews in any other
  country."

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Graphic Organizer
Balfour Declaration
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League of Nations Mandates

• After the First World War, the League of Nations
  recognized France and Britain as Mandatory Powers
• France
• Lebanon
• Syria
• The United Kingdom
• Iraq
• Transjordan
• Palestine

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• Following the Balfour declaration population of
  Jews in Palestine rose by 300,000 in years
  leading up to World War 2
• Led to violence between Jews and Palestinians
• In the 1930s it was Jewish Zionists, not
  Palestinians who were committing terrorist
  attacks

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Graphic Organizer
Balfour Declaration
Jews move into Palestine
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• Following World War II thousands of Jewish
  immigrants from Europe poured into Palestine.
  Situation got out of control and British handed
  it over to the newly formed United Nations. In
  1947 the United Nations General Assembly voted a
  2/3 majority to partition Palestine into a Jewish
  and Palestinian state

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The Issue in 1947 1 land or 2?

• Israeli arguments
• We need a safe haven
• This should be it
• God gave it to us
• We make the desert bloom

• Palestinian arguments
• This is our land, our country
• It should not be divided
• We have lived here for centuries if not
  millennia, giving us the legal claim

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• Israel claimed independence in May of 1948. For
  months prior Israelis and Arabs had been waging
  attacks against one another. Finally, the day
  following the announcement armies from 5
  neighboring Arab countries invaded Israel.
  Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, and Egypt had sent
  armies but all were crushed.
• Outcome was that Egypt seized Gaza Strip while
  Jordan annexed Jerusalem
• Both sides had employed terrorism throughout
  conflict. Menachim Begin, a future prime
  minister of Israel, was one of the main terrorist
  leaders of Israel.
• One example was at the village of Deir Yassin
  outside of Jerusalem Israelis ran from house to
  house throwing bags of dynamite inside. They
  killed 240 men, women and children this way.
  Goal was to depopulate and seize any areas given
  to them in the partition.
• Armistice signed in 1949. Made Israel 1/5 larger
  than originally planned.

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Interactive Notebook Question (Left Side)

• Think-Pair-Share
• Why did the powers in Europe give Palestine to
  the Jews?

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Graphic Organizer
Balfour Declaration
Israel declares independance
Jews move into Palestine
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The Arab-Israeli Wars

• In 1956 the leader of Egypt, Gamal Abdel Nasser,
  Nationalized the Suez canal which had been ran by
  Britain and France previously.
• Israel took advantage of this by
• allying itself with Britain and France
• and attacking the Sinai Peninsula.
• The British and French also attack,
• centering on the Suez Canal zone.
• Was a military victory, but a huge
• diplomatic loss as both the Soviet Union and the
  United States backed a UN declaration against the
  conflict. Israel, Britain and France were forced
  to withdraw.

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Graphic Organizer
Nassar
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Terrorists

• In 1964, the Palestinian Liberation Organization
  (PLO) was formed. The PLO was made up of several
  Palestinian political groups in different
  countries. Their goal was to take Palestine back
  form the Israelis. In 1969, Yasser Arafat became
  the leader of the PLO, earlier his Fatah group
  had conducted attacks against Israeli civilians.

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Graphic Organizer
Nassar
PLO
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• The Six Day War In 1967 there was growing Arab
  nationalism as well a desire for revenge against
  Israel in the neighboring Arab countries. These
  countries began massing along the borders of
  Israel and demanded that UN peacekeepers leave
  the area.
• Israel warned Jordan and Egypt but when this was
  ignored Israel launched preemptive strike
• Led to anti American sentiment among Arab
  countries.
• Israel gained control of Sinai, West Bank,
  Jerusalem, Golan Heights, Gaza
• Estimated 500,000 Palestinians fled to
  neighboring countries

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Interactive Notebook Question (Left Side)

• Think-Pair-Share
• What was the goal of the PLO?

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Graphic Organizer
Nassar
Six Day War
PLO
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More Terrorism

• In 1971, another Palestinian militant group
  calling them selves Black September infiltrated
  the Olympics in Munich, Germany and took 11
  Israeli athletes hostage. All of the athletes
  were killed along with five of the terrorists and
  one policeman.

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• In 1973 after not being able to regain territory
  through diplomatic means, Egypt and Syria
  launched surprise attacks against Israel on Yom
  Kippur, the Jewish Day of Atonement, when they
  knew everyone would be at home fasting with
  family.
• Initially the Arabs made huge advances but they
  were turned back 3 weeks later after Israel
  received major support from the US.
• Result was that Saudi Arabia and other Middle
  Eastern countries passed an oil embargo against
  the United States and other countries that
  supported Israel. Gas prices skyrocketed and gas
  was rationed.

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• In 1978 Camp David accords signed as peace treaty
  between Egypt and Israel. First Arab state to
  formally accept legitimacy of Israeli state.
  Jimmy Carter was key in this process. Signed
  between Egyptian president Anwar Sadat and
  Israeli Prime Minister Menachim Begin. Sadat
  later assassinated in 1981 by Islamic militants
  angry about peace with Israel.
• Returned Sinai Peninsula to Egypt

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Graphic Organizer
Camp David Peace Accord
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• In 1982 Israel invaded and occupied Southern
  Lebanon to protect itself from guerillas who
  based their attacks on Israel from there. Ariel
  Sharon, former Israeli Prime Minister, was
  defense minister at the time and was forced to
  resign after a number of atrocities and massacres
  were committed against Muslims living there.
• Yasser Arafat and the Palestinian Liberation
  Organization was forced to flee and would not
  become overly involved in politics in Israel
  until mid-1990s when Israel gave them some
  control and autonomy over some Palestinian
  dominated areas
• Israel did not leave southern Lebanon until 2000

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Terrorism continues

• Hezbollah and Hamas are two important Arab groups
  that were founded in the mid 1980s to fight
  against Israel. Hezbollah is from Lebanon and
  Hamas is based in the West Bank and the Gaza
  Strip. Both groups are supported by Syria and
  Iran and are made up of Muslims.

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Graphic Organizer
Camp David Peace Accord
Hezbollah
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Shared water source Jordan River
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Interactive Notebook Question (Left Side)

• Think-Pair-Share
• Where is Hamas based? What is their goal?

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The Future???

• What we see today is this wrangling between
  Israel and the Palestinian Authority over who
  will control what. Arafat never able to crack
  down on terrorism, Abbas new guy. Sharon very
  aggressive and not afraid to flex military might.
  
• Everyone willing to sit and talk but hard to keep
  extremists under wrap
• Continual attacks by guerrilla groups from safe
  havens of Lebanon, Syria, ect.
• Largest of groups is Hezbollah. War fought this
  summer to create buffer zone in southern Lebanon

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Bibliography

• Palestine Remembered. http//www.palestineremember
  ed.com/Acre/Maps/Story580.html. September 30,
  2007.
• Weekly Ahram Newspaper. http//weekly.ahram.org.eg
  /2000/501/nasser1.htm. Setempber 30, 2007
• Honey, R. Application of a Conflict Model To the
  Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. University of Iowa.
  http//www.uiowa.edu/c044010a/index.html.
  September 9, 2007