Arab-Israeli Conflict

1
Arab-Israeli Conflict

• The Disputed Territory

2

• When you get to the questions in red (9 questions
  in this ppt.), stop and THINK. I am not making
  you write them, but pause and think through the
  material! Feel free to ask questions if you
  dont understand. ?

3
Background

• Pre-1948 Palestine (remember given to the
  Arabs after the fall of the Ottomans, Israel
  after 1948
• Background
• Zionist Movement (1870s) Jewish nationalism,
  ethnic identity
• World Zionist Organization (1897)
• Founded by Theodore Herzl
• decides that there needs to be a place where
  Jews are safe (anti-Semitism grows in Europe
  opposing the Zionist movement)

4
Palestine

• Palestine religious ties to Judaism (location
  for new Jewish homeland), but ties to Islam as
  well (ruled by Muslims for 1300 yrs. given to
  them after WWI)
• Jewish National Fund a trust fund set up to buy
  land in Palestine
• Begin buying land near the coast
• Some wealthy Arabs living in Europe sell the land
  
• Little immigration seen at this time

5
Immigration begins

• Balfour Declaration (1917) set up by the British
  for World Zionist Organization
• beginning of a national home for Jews in
  Palestine.
• Immigration to Palestine begins still small
  numbers
• Arabs are angry felt this land was promised to
  them by the British
• Remember McMahon letters?
• Why would the British promise the land to both
  the Jews and Arabs? Why did this add fuel to
  their fire?

6
Territory that McMahon promised
7
The Mandate System

• Post WWI (1920s) British acquire Palestine
  they do not consider debate over the land.
• Conflict over the territory between the two
  groups increases
• Riots in Jerusalem
• 1 1930s Jewish Immigration to Palestine
  increases drastically. Why? What was happening in
  Europe during that time?

8
British Mandate in PalestineCreatedJuly, 1922
9
Jews Arabs in Palestine, 1920

• In 1920, there was 1 Jew toevery 10 Arabs
  inPalestine.
• By 1947, the ratio was 2 Arabs forevery Jew.

The Arabs felt that they were losing control of
their country!
10

1929 Arab Riots
IZBAH AL-YAHUD! Slaughter All the Jews!
Immigration Immigration
1931 4,075
1932 12,533
1933 37,337
1934 45,267
1935 66,472
1936 29,595
1937 10,629
1938 14,675
1939 31,195
1940 10,643
1941 4,592
Jewish Jewish
1919 1,806
1920 8,223
1921 8,294
1922 8,685
1923 8,175
1924 13,892
1925 34,386
1926 13,855
1927 3,034
1928 2,178
1929 5,249
1930 4,944

11
Immigration increases

• Immigration increases for two big reasons
• Anti-Semitism in Europe (Holocaust)
• Great Depression (Arab landowners become cash
  poor- must sell their land)
• 1936 Arab revolt feel that the increased
  immigration
• - is causing overcrowding
• - land distribution losing all the good land

12
Palestine Arab Revolt
1936-1939
Their Goals

• An end to Jewish immigration to Palestine.
• An end to the transferof lands to Jewish
  owners.
• A new generalrepresentative government.

The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin
al-Hussani, with Adolf Hitler.
13
Jewish Settlements The Kibbutz System

• First one founded in 1908.
• Communal living.
• Make the DesertBloom!

14
Solutions to the problem?

• British suggest the White Papers states to limit
  immigration and land sales does not happen
• British suggest partition divide the land into 2
  states One Arab and One Jewish
• There is resistance on both sides fear the other
  would take by force, but land is still under
  British mandate

15
British White Paper of 1939

• Limited Jewish immigration toPalestine to
  75,000 over the next five years.
• It ended Jewish landpurchases.
• Independence forPalestine within 10 years.
• It is NOT British policythat Palestine become
  aJewish state.

16
Peel Partition Plan, 1937
17
The Arab Legion of theBritish Army During WW2
18
The Jewish Brigade of theBritish Army During
WW2
19
Nazi Concentration Extermination Camps
20
The Nazi Holocaust

• 6,000,00 Jews killed by the Nazis 1/2 in
  the concentration camps.

21
End of the Mandate

• 1945 World War II ends
• 2 The British cannot hold on to the mandate
  any longer. Why?
• Neither side wants the British in Palestine
• Ben-Gurion tells the British its time to leave
• 1947 British give the mandate to the UN
• UN decides to split the state (Arab/Jewish)

22
U.N.s proposal
23
Aliyah Bet

• Illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine.
• The Exodus, 1947.

24
Palestine Population in 1946
25
British Detention Campsin Cyprus 1946-1948
26
Jewish Freedom Fighters(or Terrorists?)
Irgun Zvai LeumiNatl. Military Org.
Avraham Stern The Stern Gang
27
Israel A new Jewish state

• May 14th 1948 Jewish proclaim their new national
  state of Israel (U.S./Soviet Union recognize)
• May 15th, 1948 Egypt, Trans-Jordan attack but
  Israel holds
• 100,000s Palestinian Arabs leave (land is
  confiscated, immigration increases)
• 3 The controversy Left by choice or forced to
  leave?

28
Israel in 1948
29
Arab Refugees, 1948
The Palestinian Diaspora begins!
30
Displaced Palestinian Arabs

• Palestinian Refugees flee to neighboring Arab
  countries, but found that they were not welcome
  in many.4 Why?
• Arab resistance to Israel
• PLO (Palestinian Liberation Organization)
  founded in part by Yasser Arafat (1960s)
• Intended to have an exile government for
  Palestinians
• Would launch terrorist attacks against Israel

31
Six Day War (1967)

• Syria gains intelligence from Soviet Union that
  Israel is mobilizing for war.is this accurate?
• Egypt and Syria prepare for war (tanks in the
  Sinai Peninsula)
• June 5th 1967 Israel attacks Egypt/Syria/Jordan
  defeats all three easily in six days.
• Territorial Acquisitions for Israel
• West Bank
• Golan Heights (from Syria)
• Suez Canal/Sinai (from Egypt, would stay there
  till 1980)

32
After the War

• The Arab world in the Middle East is shaken
• Many regimes are overthrown
• PLO activity increases
• Based in Jordan until 1970
• Challenges the kings authority
• Black September (1970) Jordan kicks out the PLO
• 1973 Munich Olympics (hostage crisis) PLO seen
  as terrorists worldwide.

33
The Disputed Territory
Golan HeightsIsrael and Syria West BankIsrael,
Palestinians
34
Yom Kippur War (1973)

• Oct. 6th 1973 Egypt launches a surprise attack
  on Yom Kippur (they want to take back the Suez
  Canal)
• U.S. offers support to Israel/Soviets offer
  support to Egypt
• 5 Why do you think they would do this? (think
  about the time period)
• OPEC in retaliation cuts off oil supply to west
  gas prices soar
• Russia offers planes/pilots to Egypt
• Fearing Russia entering the war (WW3?) a cease
  fire is called

35
Attempts at peace?

• As early as 1974 Palestinians seek West Bank and
  Gaza Strip as homeland territory.
• Camp David Accords (1979) President Carter
  orchestrates a peace agreement (for the first
  time!) between Israel and Egypt.
• Breakdown (1982) Sadat (Egypt) is assassinated
  for his support of Israel.

36
Attempts at peace

• 13 September, 1993 Israel and PLO Declaration of
  Principles on Interim Self-Government
  Arrangements (DOP) gives PLO timeframe for West
  Bank/Gaza Strip self rule
• 2000 2nd intifadah disrupts negotiations to make
  Palestine its own state

37
Attempts at peace

• Last Spring (2008), Israel offered all of the
  West Bank and the Muslim Quarter of Jerusalem to
  the Palestinians to use to form their own nation.
  
• Their offer was turned down by the Palestinians
  who stated that this wasnt enough. They wanted
  ALL of Jerusalem. Negotiations have just begun,
  again.

38
Attempts at peace

• President of Israel invited Syrian President to
  Jerusalem for peace talks
• Syria says that Israel cant be serious because
  they are building more settlements in Golan

39
Struggle continues

• Peace negotiations have started and stalled for
  years.
• Gaza Strip and West Bank still disputed
  territories
• 6 Will a fair compromise ever
• be achieved? Why or why not?

40
Questions from earlier this week

• 7 What groups are unhappy with the current
  boundary lines? Why?
• 8 Why do the Palestinians and Israelis both
  claim the Holy Land (current nation of Israel)
  as their own?
• 9 How would YOU settle the Arab-Israeli
  conflict? Explain and even draw a map if you
  need to do so!