Arab-Israeli Conflict

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Arab-Israeli Conflict

• Palestinian/Arab Nationalism vs. Jewish
  Nationalism (1)
• Sovereignty right to self government

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Israel
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Israel
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Zionism the movement to create a Jewish nation
in Palestine 2
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Palestinian nationalism grew with general Arab
nationalism in the Ottoman Empire and with the
end of WWI 3
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Nationalism and Anti-Semitism in Europe
stimulated ideas for a Jewish nation 4
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Anti-Semitism

• policies, views, or actions that harm or
  discriminate against Jews
• Hatred of Jews 5

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Zionism

• GOALSThe spiritual andpolitical renewal ofthe
  Jewish peoplein its ancestralhomeland
  ofPalestine.
• Freedom from Western anti-Semitism.

Theodore Herzl1860-1904
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1897 Theodore Herzl founded the World Zionist
Organization (WZO) 2
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Theodore Herzl
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The Zionists encouraged Jewish settlement in
Palestine 34
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The Zionist threat helped define Palestinian as
separate nationalists
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Despite much Arab opposition, most of the land
was purchased from Arab owners
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Palestine British mandate after WWI 3
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British Promise to the Jews Balfour Declaration,
1917
His Majestys Government views with favor the
establishment in Palestine of a national home for
the Jewish people and will use their best
endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this
object, it being clearly understood that nothing
shall be done which may prejudice the civil and
religious rights of existing non-Jewish
communities in Palestine
Sir Arthur James BalfourBr. Foreign Secretary
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Jews Arabs in Palestine, 1920

• In 1920, there was 1 Jew toevery 10 Arabs
  inPalestine.
• By 1947, the ratio was 2 Arabs forevery Jew.

The Arabs felt that they were loosing control of
their country!
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1917 The Balfour Declaration-supported the
creation of a Jewish homeland-leads to
more Jews move to Palestine 4 6
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Hatred and distrust grew between Arabs and Jews
under British control
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Palestine Arab Revolt
1936-1939
Their Goals

• An end to Jewish immigration to Palestine.
• An end to the transferof lands to Jewish
  owners.
• A new generalrepresentative government.

The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin
al-Hussani, with Adolf Hitler.
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The 1936-1939 Arab Palestinian Revolt was a
turning point.
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Haganah, a defense force, was formed against Arab
violence.
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By 1936 it had 40,000 troops
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Britain, caught between Arabs and Jews,
restricted immigration.
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The Holocaust united Jews (esp. the U.S.) for the
idea of a Jewish state and WWII weakened the
British. 4
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1946 Irgun bombed the King David Hotel, the
British military headquarters.
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90 people were killed
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The British decided to leave and turn over the
problem to the U.N.
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The U.N. Partition Plan 1947 Palestine divided
between the Jews and the Arabs Jerusalem
internationalized 7
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Arab
Jewish
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The Jews accepted the partition.7
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1948 David Ben-Gurion announced Israels
independence
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Israel Becomes a NationMay 14, 1948
David Ben-Gurion,1st Prime Minister
Chaim Weizmann,1st President
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The Arabs rejected the partition. Egypt,
Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, and Iraq attacked.7
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1948 Arab Invasion plans of Israel ( in red.)
From Lebanon and Syria
From Transjordan and Iraq
From Egypt
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War for Israeli Independence1948 Israel
defeated Arabs8
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Israel became a multi-party parliamentary
democracy.8
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II. Effects of creation of Israel Palestinians
became refugees in other countries throughout
the middle east.
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Map of Palestinian Refugees

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Ben-Gurion became Israels first prime minister.
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Three More Wars

• War in the Sinai (1956) - Raids and reprisals
  between the Arabs and Israel, and Egypt's seizure
  of the Suez Canal, led to Israel's invasion of
  the Sinai Peninsula. Israel withdrew in 1957
  after its access to the Persian Gulf was
  guaranteed by the United Nations.
• Israel, Britain, and France attacked Egypt after
  the Suez canal was nationalized and Israel
  occupied the Sinai Peninsula for a short time
• 9a

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• Six Day War (1967 War) Israel captured Sinai
  Peninsula, Golan Heights, the West Bank, the Old
  City of Jerusalem (which Israel later annexed),
  and Gaza. The war ended by a U.N.-arranged
  cease-fire. The United States called on the
  Israelis to withdraw from occupied territories
  but did not specify how much land it should give
  up. 9b

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• Yom Kippur War (1973) - Egypt and Syria launched
  a joint attack on Israel on the Jewish holy day,
  Yom Kippur, to regain lost territory. Caught
  off-guard, Israel took several days to mobilize,
  suffering heavy casualties, but it forced the
  opposition back. Establishes Israel as the
  dominant military power in the region 9c

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1958-1960 Yasser Arafat founded Fatah The
Palestinian National Liberation Movement took
control of PLO
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1964 Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO)
is founded.10
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1974
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2004 Arafat Died
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Mahmoud Abbas became the next leader of the PLO
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Camp David Accords 1979

• U.S. President Jimmy Carter, Israeli Prime
  Minister Menachem Begin, Egyptian President Anwar
  Sadat. Egypt and Israel signed the first peace
  treaty between Israel and an Arab nation. It
  formally ended the state of war that had existed
  between them for 30 years. In return for Egypt's
  recognition of Israel's right to exist, Israel
  returned the Sinai Peninsula. The two nations
  also formally established diplomatic relations.
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Sadat Assassinated 1981
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Intifada (1987)

• mass uprisings by the Palestinians in territory
  held by Israel (PLO and Hamas)
• the shaking
• Causes
• Palestinians were angered by years of Israeli
  military rule 12a

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First Intifadah, 1987-1993

• In 1987, Palestinians became frustrated with
  their living conditions and lack of progress.
• They maintain that the Intifada was a protest of
  Israel's brutal repression which included
  extra-judicial killings, mass detentions, house
  demolitions, indiscriminate torture,
  deportations, and so on.
• Often Palestinians fought the Israelis with low
  tech weapons like rocks, but over time, they
  gained access to guns and other explosives.
• By 1993, 1,162 Palestinians and 160 Israelis had
  died.

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Oslo Accords 1993

• Secret negotiations between Israel and the PLO
  resulted in a treaty that included mutual
  recognition, limited self-rule for Palestinians
• Arafat and Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin
  agreed to work towards a Palestinian state 13

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Arafat and Rabin were awarded the Nobel Peace
Prize 13
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• The Palestinian Authority (PA) was created with
  autonomy over the West Bank and Gaza (13)

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Rabin Clinton Arafat 1993 Olso Accords considered
greatest hope for peace 13
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Israel and Jordan Sign a Peace Treaty 1994

• Jordan became the second Arab country to
  recognize Israel
• Trade, business relations, tourism, cultural
  exchanges, and scientific cooperation between the
  two nations have increased
• but at a slower pace than hoped for initially.

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Intifada (2000)

• mass uprisings by the Palestinians in territory
  held by Israel (PLO and Hamas)
• the shaking
• Causes
• Palestinians were angered by years of Israeli
  military rule
• Failed Camp David Summit Ariel Sharons visit
  to the Temple Mount/Haram al-Sharif the holiest
  Islamic site in Jerusalem 12b

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Camp David Summit 2000

• Camp David II
• unsuccessful Middle East Peace Summit in 2000
• took place between
• United States President Bill Clinton
• Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak and
• the Palestinian Authority Chairman Yasser Arafat
  in which
• Israel was willing to give up most of the
  occupied territory 15

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Israel Begins Constructing a Security Barrier 2002

• build to separate its citizens from terrorist
  groups in the West
• effective in dramatically reducing the number of
  suicide bombings in Israel
• It has been criticized for dividing some
  Palestinians from their land and places of work
  or study and requiring these individuals to wait
  to pass through security checkpoints.

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Road Map to Peace 2003

• A plan developed by the European Union, Russia,
  UN, and United States and presented to the
  Palestinian Authority and the Israeli government.
  A three phase peace process that culminates with
  the creation of a Palestinian state. 17

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Road Map to Peace

• the plan called for a three phase peace process
  that culminates with the creation of a
  Palestinian state

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2005 Israel removes all Jewish settlers from
Gaza (occupied territory)
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Hamas

• Hamas is the largest and most influential
  Palestinian militant movement.
• Social services and Terrorist faction
• In January 2006, the group won the Palestinian
  Authority's (PA) general legislative elections,
  defeating Fatah, the party of the PA's president,
  Mahmoud Abbas, and setting the stage for a power
  struggle. Since attaining power, Hamas has
  continued its refusal to recognize the state of
  Israel, leading to crippling economic sanctions
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In 2006 Fatah lost elections for the PA to the
Islamic fundamentalist party Hamas
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2007Hamas wins election and control Gaza.
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Fatah and Hamas forces began fighting
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Abbas dismissed the Hamas government and
currently rules by decree
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Annapolis Conference 2007 Two-State Solution

• The two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian
  conflict is the consensus solution that is
  currently under discussion by the key parties to
  the conflict, most recently at the Annapolis
  Conference in November 2007. The proposal is
  supported by many international figures and
  agencies.
• establishment of an independent Palestinian state
  alongside Israel 18

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Possible return to pre-1967 Borders
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Upgraded U.N. status

• The United Nations General Assembly in November
  2012 endorsed an upgraded U.N. status for the
  Palestinian Authority, despite intense opposition
  from the United States and Israel.
• The resolution elevates their status from
  "non-member observer entity" to "non-member
  observer state," the same category as the
  Vatican, which Palestinians hope will provide new
  leverage in their dealings with Israel
• Israel states the move largely ignores the
  specifics of longstanding issues, such as
  settlements in disputed lands, and cannot
  substitute for direct negotiations between Israel
  and the Palestinians.

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Todays Players

• Israeli Prime Minister
• Benjamin Netanyahu

• Palestinian National Authority
• interim self-government body established to
  govern the West Bank and Gaza Strip

Prime Minister Ismail Haniyeh Hamas - Gaza
President of the State of Palestine - Fatah
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Remaining Issues to Peace

• Control of Jerusalem
• Palestinian Statehood (West Bank Gaza -
  Borders?)
• Palestinian Refugees Right to return
• Jewish Settlements in the West Bank
• Security of Israel - Terrorism 19

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