The Industrial Revolution

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The Industrial Revolution

• Ch. 25.1

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• Think about this statement
• The key to the Industrial Revolution was
  technology, and technology is knowledge

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Industrial Revolution

• Machines became the new way of doing things.
• Huge increase in machine-made products.
• Before the industrial revolution, people wove
  textiles (cloth) by hand.
• After, machines did this and other jobs as well.
• Started in England and then spread to Europe and
  America.

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Agricultural Revolution

• Small farmers were forced to move into cities,
  while large farmers bought their lands.
• The expansion of wealthy landowners helped bring
  about new experimentation and machinery for
  farming.
• As small farmers lost their land to wealthy
  landowners, many became factory workers.

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Jethro Tull

• Scientific farmer
• He saw that scattering seeds across the ground
  was a waste of time because many seeds did not
  take root.
• He invented the seed drill in 1701.
• The seed drill allowed farmers to plant seeds in
  well-spaced rows at specific depths.
• This boosted crop production.

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Crop Rotation

• The process of crop rotation proved to be one of
  the best developments of the scientific farmers.
• It improved the three field system of medieval
  times.
• One year a farmer might plant a field with wheat,
  which exhausted soil nutrients.
• The following year, the farmer planted a root
  crop, like turnips, to restore nutrients.

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Livestock Breeders

• Robert Bakewell increased his mutton output by
  allowing only his best sheep to reproduce.
• Other farmers copied his method.
• Between 1700-1776, the average weight of lambs
  went from 18 to 50 lbs.

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Results

• Food supply increased
• Living conditions improved
• Englands population boomed
• The increasing population demanded more food and
  more goods.

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Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in
England?

• Extensive natural resources
• Expanding Economy
• Highly developed banking system
• Political stability
• Had all factors of production (land, labor, and
  capital)

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Natural Resources

• England had extensive natural resources.
• 1) Water power and coal to fuel the new machines.
  
• 2) Iron ore to construct machines, tools, and
  buildings
• 3) Rivers for inland transportation
• 4) Harbors from which its merchant ships set
  sail.

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Expanding Economy

• The expanding economy promoted growth in
  business.
• Business people invested in the manufacture of
  new inventions.

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Banking System

• People were encouraged by the availability of
  bank loans to invest in new machinery and expand
  their operations.

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Political Stability

• Parliament passed laws that protected business
  and helped expansion.

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• Britain had ALL the factors of production.
• Land
• Labor
• Capital (wealth)

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Textile Industry Transforms

• Cloth merchants boosted their profits by speeding
  up the process by which spinners and weavers made
  cloth.

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Flying Shuttle (1733)

• The flying shuttle speedily carried threads of
  yarn back and forth when the weaver pulled a
  handle.
• The flying shuttle doubled the work a weaver
  could do in a day.
• Invented by John Kay

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Spinning Jenny (1764)

• James Hargreaves spinning jenny allowed one
  spinner to work eight threads at a time.
• Named after Hargreaves daughter.

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Water Frame (1769)

• Used water power from rapid streams to drive
  spinning wheels.
• Invented by Richard Arkwright.

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How was water used for power?

• http//www.bbc.co.uk/history/interactive/animation
  s/blast_furnace/index_embed.shtml

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Spinning Mule (1779)

• Samuel Crompton combined the Spinning Jenny and
  the Water Frame to produce the Spinning Mule.
• Made thread that was stronger, finer, and more
  consistent.

• http//www.bbc.co.uk/history/interactive/animation
  s/spinning_mill/index_embed.shtml

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• http//www.bbc.co.uk/history/interactive/animation
  s/spinning_mill/index_embed.shtml

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Power Loom (1787)

• Invented by Edmund Cartwright.
• Run by Water power

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• All these new inventions took spinning and
  weaving out of the house.
• Wealthy textile merchants set up machines in
  large buildings called factories.
• At first, these factories needed water power, so
  they were built near rivers and streams.

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Cotton is King!
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England uses American Cotton

• Englands cotton came from plantations in the
  American South.

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The Cotton Gin (1793)

• Removing the seeds from raw cotton by hand was
  hard work.
• In 1793, American inventor, Eli Whitney designed
  a machine to help speed the chore.
• His cotton gin multiplied the amount of cotton
  that could be cleaned.
• American cotton production skyrocketed from 1.5
  million pounds in 1790 to 85 million pounds in
  1810.

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Eli Whitney and the Cotton Gin
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Modern day Cotton Gin
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• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vdGugzG9t7xg

Did you know there are 3 Cotton Gins in Casa
Grande?
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http//www.youtube.com/watch?vMZz4sBLIHYkNR1
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Consequently, slavery increased dramatically in
the Southern U.S.
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Improvements in Transportation

• James Watt, a mathematical instrument maker at
  the University of Glasgow in Scotland, figured
  out a way to make the steam engine work faster
  and more efficiently while burning less fuel.

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Robert Fultons Steamboat

• The Clermonts first successful trip was in 1807.
  
• Ferried passengers up and down New York Hudsons
  River.
• Water transportation improved with the creation
  of a network of canals
• By the mid-1800s, there were 4,250 miles of
  waterways in England.

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Robert Fulton and The Clermont
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Road Transportation

• John McAdam, a Scottish engineer equipped
  roadbeds with a layer of large stones for
  drainage.
• On top, he placed a carefully smoothed layer of
  crushed rock.
• In rainy weather, heavy wagons could travel over
  the new Macadam roads without sinking in the
  mud.

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First American Macadam Road, 1823
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Macadam road in Venezuela early 1900s
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Macadam roadway, West Virginia
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Portland, Oregon
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First Road in US to become Macadamized

• Construction began in 1811 and ended in 1838.
• Also known as the National Road

Mile marker in Columbus, Ohio along National road
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National Road
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The railroad locomotive

• Steam-driven machinery propelled English
  factories in the late 1700s.
• The railroad locomotive drove English industry
  after 1820.

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George Stephenson

• George Stephenson built many steam locomotives
  for mine operators in northern England.
• In 1821, Stephenson began work on the worlds
  first railroad line.
• It was to run 27 miles from Yorkshire to
  Stockton.
• It opened in 1825 with four locomotives that
  Stephenson built.

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George Stephenson and his first locomotive
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Railway expansion

• Entrepreneurs wanted to connect Liverpool with
  Manchester.
• Trials were held to find the best locomotive.
• George Stephenson won with the Rocket.
• The Rocket hauled a 13-ton load at more than 24
  miles per hour, which was unheard of at that
  time.
• The track opened in 1830 and had immediate
  success.

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Railroads revolutionize way of life

• 1) Railroads provided a cheap way to transport
  materials and finished products.
• 2) Railroad boom created hundreds of thousands of
  new jobs.
• 3) Railroads boosted Englands agricultural and
  fishing industries, which could transport their
  products to distant cities.
• 4) Made travelling easier. People could find
  jobs in different cities.
• 5) Railroads lured city dwellers to the
  countryside.

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Explain this statementon the bottom of your notes

• The key to the Industrial Revolution was
  technology, and technology is knowledge