World War .75

1
World War .75

• The Seven Years War and the Colonial Crisis
• 1754-1770

2
France in North America

• 1663 New France founded
• 1670s French expansion down Mississippi
• 1682 La Salle founds Louisiana
• Right Louis XIV by Charles le Brun, 1661

3
Colonial War World War

• European wars tended to spill over onto other
  continents
• Most important in North America War of Austrian
  Succession, 1744-1748
• Brought English and French settlement in closer
  contact along the Ohio River

• French establish a set of forts in modern western
  Pennsylvania to keep the English out
• English colonies claim lands claimed by France
• Sell and grant land to speculators in disputed
  territory

4
Origins of the Seven Years War

• 1754 Its all George Washingtons fault.
• 1755 British send Edward Braddock to clear
  French out of Ohio Valley.
• Doesnt go so well.
• Right George Washington during the French and
  Indian War, by J. B. Stearns, 1850s.

5
Course of the War

• War breaks out in Europe in 1756, hence Seven
  Years War
• British navy destroys French navy
• Canada vulnerable to invasion
• French defeated at Montreál, 1760
• Right Death of General Wolfe, Benjamin West,
  1770

6
Peace of Paris, 1763

• Britain gets Canada and North America east of the
  Mississippi
• Spain gets Louisiana
• Britain now the dominant power in the world stays
  that way until 1914

7
Fallout from war

• Costs. Britain must raise funds to service and
  pay off debts.
• Colonists very proud of their role in war.
• British feel colonists should pay their fair
  share of costs.
• British resent colonial smuggling and trade with
  French during war.
• Right Image of George II on British coin, 1746.

8
A New Sheriff in Town

• George III becomes king in 1760.
• Self-identifies as a Whig.
• Attached to England, less so to Germany.
• Desire to do good.
• Mania for details.
• Frequent change of prime ministers
• Left George III, by Allan Ramsay, 1762

9
Three Big Problems in Victory

• How do we pay for war?
• How do we handle newly conquered lands?
• How to we avoid another war?

10
Paying for war

• Taxes must go up
• Colonists must pay their share
• Collections need to be made more efficient
• Right George Grenville, prime minister, 1763-1765

11
New Taxes

• Sugar Act (1764)
• Reduces sugar tax, broadens items taxed
• Currency Act (1764)
• All colonial debts must be paid in specie
• Stamp Act (1765)
• Most controversial
• Right two types of sugar molecules, sucrose (l)
  and fructose (r)

12
Stamp Act SO WHAT!

• Would pay most of costs of 10,000 British
  soldiers in America
• Passed easily in February, 1765
• Tax on practically all papers
• Newspapers, pamphlets, bonds, leases, deeds,
  licenses, insurance policies, playing cards, etc.

13
Quartering Act (1765)

• Required private citizens and inns to quarter,
  feed and provide needs of British soldiers sent
  to protect colonies.
• Worst impact in cities, particularly Boston and
  New York.
• Below Regimental Flags of 29th Regiment of Foot
  (Worcestershire) posted in Boston in 1760s.
  (www.fifeanddrum.org)

14
Colonists violent response

• Sons of Liberty an intercolonial organization
  designed to offer and coordinate resistance.
• Right Samuel Adams, Boston Sons of Liberty
  leader, by John Singleton Copley, 1772

15
Colonists violent response

• Sons often put fig leaf of respectability on mob
  action.
• August 26, 1765 destruction of Thomas
  Hutchinsons house in Boston.
• Right Lt. Governor Thomas Hutchinson

16
Colonists violent response

• Boycotts of British goods
• Tar and feathering common
• Threats and reprisals
• Tendency to target property rather than persons

• Carefully choreographed generally
• Often deters distribution and use of stamps

17
Stamp Act Congress

• Sons organize
• Representatives of nine colonies
• New York, October 1765
• Condemns act cannot tax for imperial purposes
• Critical of parliament
• Loyalty to king

18
Grenville Out, Rockingham in

• George III replaces Grenville with Marquis of
  Rockingham
• Rockingham sympathetic to colonists
• Conciliatory gestures
• Right Paul Revere cartoon of Sons tar and
  feathering a tax collector

19
Rockingham makes nice

• Stamp Act repealed assert right to tax
• Reduced tax on molasses to less than cost of a
  bribe
• Rockingham worried about centralization

20
Rockingham out, Pitt in

• Pitt not himself, losing it
• Charles Townshend the real power
• Taxes to balance the budget
• Right William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham

21
Townshend and taxes

• Revenue Act (1767)
• Paints, lead, tea, paper, glass
• Colonists resume boycotts
• Colonial assembly of NY shut down
• Protests in colonies grow more heated
• British government sends more troops, 1768

22
Pitt out, North in

• Finally, someone George III likes and trusts
• Wants to conciliate situation
• But colonial events out of control
• Right Frederick North, Lord North

23
Boston Massacre

• March 5, 1770
• Customs House
• Right Paul Reveres engraving of the Boston
  Massacre, 1770