Colonial Period

1
Colonial Period

• To 1763

2
Four Forces Leading to the Unsettlement of Europe

• International power struggles resulting from
  political centralization of Atlantic Basin
  countries
• Increasing commercialization of economic activity
  leading to increased wealth

3
Four Forces Leading to the Unsettlement of Europe
(Cont.)

• Renaissance Europe witnessed a search for
  knowledge about the modern world
• Western Europeans pushed outward in a quest for
  holiness

4
Western Hemisphere in 1492

• This part of the world was settled in 1492 by
  peoples we call Native Americans or Indians
• Demography
• Entire hemisphere perhaps 80 million
• What is now U.S. and Canada 4-10 million
• Origins of Native America
• What was Beringia?

5
Western Hemisphere in 1492 (cont.)

• Central characteristic of these people diversity
• What was the Agricultural Revolution and what was
  its significance?
• What was the Columbian Exchange?

6
Beginning the Spanish Empire in the Western
Hemisphere

• Four Voyages of Columbus
• Why Columbus Columbuss World from PBS Series
  Columbus and the Age of Discovery
• First Voyage 1492-1493. Pinta, Niña (Santa
  Clara), La Gallega (Santa Maria)
• Second Voyage1493-1496
• Third Voyage 1498-1500
• Fourth Voyage 1502-1504
• Death 1506

7
Cortes and the Conquest of Mexico

• In 1519, what was Mexico?
• Valley of Mexico dominated by Lake Texcoco. City
  of Tenochtitlan
• Names Montecuhzoma, Huitzilopochtli,
  Quetzalcoatl
• Cortess strategy divisa et impera
• First step to La Noche Triste (June 30, 1520)
• Second Step Destruction of the Aztec Empire (by
  August 1521). Role of Disease
• Completion of the Spanish Empire

8
Elizabethan EnglandEngland in 1600

• Elizabeth I Unifying Symbol
• England Strong Orientation toward Commerce
• Joint Stock Company
• Protestant Reformation in England
• The Reformation in Europe (1517-1563), Luther
  Calvin
• Calvinism and the Reformation in England

9
Elizabethan England (cont.)

• Political Religious Evolution of EnglandTudors
• Henry VIIIProtestantism arriving in England
• Problem of Henrys Wives
• Catherine of Aragon Mary Tudor
• Anne Boleyn Elizabeth
• Jane Seymour Edward
• Edward VI Mary1548-1557
• First a more pronounced turn toward
  Protestantism, then
• Bloody Mary the Exiles

10
Elizabethan England (cont.)

• Elizabeth as Queen1557-1603
• Return to Protestantism
• Emergence of Puritanism
• What is Puritanism? English expression of
  Protestant Reformation
• Varieties of Puritanism Episcopal, Presbyterian,
  Congregationalist, SeparatistProblem for
  Elizabeth, but
• Continuing practice of Roman Catholicism is the
  bigger problem for Englands leaders. Why? So
  they lay off PuritansWhy?

11
Puritanism

• Central distinctive conviction of the Puritan
• Puritan Mission
• Resisting evil
• Building up Gods world

12
VirginiaSouthern Colonies

• Central institution which emerged in the way of
  life of Virginia during the Colonial period was
  the ________________________
• Four essentials on which this way of life was
  founded
• Marketable agricultural commodity
• Abundance of land Headright system
• Degree of local self-government House of
  Burgesses

13
Virginia (cont.)

• Effective Labor System, initially
• Indentured Servitude, then
• African Slavery
• African Slavery A peak at how it was
• Why did it replace indentured servitude
• Slavery as a social institution legalities of
  slavery
• World the Slaves Made Family and Religion

14
New England

• Central institution which emerged in the way of
  life of New England during the Colonial period
  was the _____________.
• Massachusetts Bay, the Mother Colony
• Political development of Massachusetts Bay
• In developing its economy, the Bay Colony and the
  other New England colonies had to look to the
  sea fishing, ship building, commerce rather than
  _____________________

15
New England (cont.)

• Hivings Out
• New England, what was the nature of the Puritan
  errand into the wilderness?
• Orthodox interpretation, but what about
  dissent?
• Active Dissent Roger Williams and Anne
  Hutchinson (origins of Rhode Island and New
  Hampshire)
• Williamss theory of separation between Church
  State
• Anne Hutchinson A woman criticized the clergy
• Subtle Dissent Thomas Hooker John Davenport
  (origin of Connecticut)
• What development was undermining the errand?

16
Pennsylvania and the Middle Colonies

• Diversity was hallmark of these colonies
• William Penns Holy Experiment
• Who were the Quakers?
• An experiment in cultural diversity English
  Quakers, German Pietists, and Irish
  Presbyterians?
• Who were the Pietists?
• What were the limits to this Holy Experiment?

17
Colonies Empire

• Mercantilism In Theory Practice
• Theory, as adapted to English conditions
• English Practice of Mercantilism
• Navigation System Discourage manufacturing,
  Encourage consumption. Colonies as source of raw
  materials.
• New Colonies Strengthen English Empire in North
  America
• Oust the Dutch from New Netherlands.
• Secure the colonies against the Spanish
  Carolinas and Georgia

18
Colonies Empire (cont.)

• Mercantilism In Theory Practice (cont.)
• Centralize control in London over the colonies
• Disastrous attempt at excessive centralization
  Dominion of New EnglandJames II Edmond Andros
• New England Resistance and Revolt
• Glorious Revolution in England End of the
  attempt
• Result More reasonable centralization
• Royal Model

19
Virtual IndependenceAmerican Colonies in the
18th Century

• Concept of Salutary Neglect
• Mistaken notions about Salutary Neglect
• How this concept worked itself out in practice
  Compromise and Tension. By 1763, how are the
  colonists used to government
• Great Wars for Empire (1689-1763)
• What really lay behind Salutary Neglect? Common
  enemy French and (most) relevant Native American
  tribes

20
Virtual Independence (cont.)

• Great Wars for Empire (1689-1763) (cont.)
• King Williamss War 1688-1697
• Queen Annes War 1702-1713
• King Georges War 1740-1748
• French and Indian War 1754-1763. This war was
  decisive. French ousted from North America by
  Peace of Paris 1763.
• Anglo-American army Victory at Quebec City 1759

21
Great Awakening1730-1760

• What was happening to the original Puritan
  emphases?
• Great Awakening re-energized Puritanism
• Especially important was the old Puritan tendency
  to interpret issues and conflicts as part of a
  battle between good and evil, thus downgrading
  compromise as a tool for resolving political
  conflicts
• In 1763, British Empire was on the eve of what
  political conflict? That conflict became the
  American Revolution.