INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

1
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

• PERHAPS THE MOST IMPORTANT OF THE THREE 18TH
  CENTURY REVOLUTIONS
• WHY?
• BECAUSE IT TRANSFORMED EVERYTHING IT TOUCHED
• Changed work patterns
• Transformed European social structure
• Altered international balance of power
• Caused population explosion
• Provoked rapid growth of cities
• Sparked advancements in science, medicine, and
  agriculture
• HELPED CREATE THE MODERN WORLD

2
WHY ENGLAND?

• ENGLAND POSSESSED EXPANDING MARKET FOR
  MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS
• Colonies
• Agricultural Revolution
• Resulted in large harvests, bountiful food
  supplies, relatively inexpensive food
• Created discretionary income (money left over
  after paying for necessities)
• Spent discretionary income on small purchases of
  manufactured items ( shoes, cloth, small metal
  products)
• Small purchases added up to expanding market for
  manufactured goods

3
OTHER FACTORS

• Cheap transportation
• Effective central bank and well-developed credit
  facilities
• Stable and predictable government

4
COTTON TEXTILES

• FIRST SECTOR TO INDUSTRIALIZE
• DOMESTIC SYSTEM
• Also called cottage industry or putting-out
  industry
• Everything done by hand
• People worked in their spare time from
  agricultural work
• People worked in family units at home
• Merchants dropped off raw materials and picked up
  finished product each week
• Inefficient because of lack of supervision of
  workers
• COULD NOT MEET ESCALATING DEMAND FOR COTTON
  PRODUCTS AFTER 1700

5
FIRST MACHINES

• DEVELOPED IN RESPONSE TO NEED TO BOOST COTTON
  TEXTILE PRODUCTION TO MEET RISING DEMAND
• SPINNING JENNY
• Big and clunky
• Water powered
• Could spin 300-400 spools of cotton thread
  simultaneously
• POWER LOOM
• Big and clunky
• Water powered
• Could do the work it took 100 hand loom workers a
  day to do in one hours

6
THE COTTON MILLS

• Machines were to big, too expensive, and required
  regular operationcould not be adapted to
  domestic system
• Had to be located in large, central location that
  met power and size requirements and where workers
  could be supervised
• Birth of factories
• Mechanized production made cotton products
  cheaper, thereby stimulating demand, thereby
  encouraging development of more and better
  machines and bigger factories birth of the
  Industrial Revolution

7
SPREAD OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

• DRAWBACKS OF WATER POWER
• Restricted location of factories
• Restricted size of machines
• Left production at the mercy of elements
• SOLUTION THE STEAM ENGINE
• James Watt
• More reliable, flexible power source
• Stimulated iron and coal industries and promoted
  them to industrialize

8
THE LOCOMOTIVE

• INVENTION OF THE LOCOMOTIVE
• George Stephenson (1830)
• Resulted in construction of rail network
• Reduced shipping costs
• More stimulus for iron, coal, and steam engine
  industries
• Created unified national market for manufactured
  products

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WORKSHOP OF THE WORLD

• By 1850, England dominated world production of
  coal, iron, and cotton textiles
• Had phenomenal annual growth rate
• Had fasted growing population in Europe
• Increasingly concentrated in cities
• Industrial Revolution made Great Britain the
  first modern nation
• Urban, industrial, wealthy, and militarily
  powerful

Crystal Palace Exhibition
10
INTERNATIONAL GROWTH

• Industrialization spread throughout western world
  once others realized its benefits
• Belgium (1830s)
• France (1840s)
• Germany and United States (1860s)
• Sweden, Japan, and Russia (1870s)
• Brazil, South Africa, China, South Korea, India,
  and others (20th century)

11
DOWNSIDE OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

• INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION, IN THE LONG TERM,
  BENEFITTED THE COMMON MAN
• Higher standard of living
• Longer life expectancy
• Better chance for social mobility
• In general, a better quality of life
• BUT IN THE SHORT TERM IT CREATED A VAST ARRAY OF
  NEW SOCIAL PROBLEMS
• Tremendous upheaval in lives of early industrial
  workers
• Ripped people out of their traditional ways of
  living and working
• Threw into a new world for which they were
  unprepared and hence exploited
• AS A RESULT OF NEGATIVE EXPERIENCES WITH EARLY
  INDUSTRIALIZATION, MANY WORKERS TURNED TO
  SOCIALISM FOR AN ALTERNATIVE

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LABOR PROBLEMS

• DOMESTIC SYSTEM
• Laid-back system, families worked together, no
  supervision, no set schedules, and no set work
  pace
• People worked when and as fast as they wanted to
• FACTORY SYSTEM
• Had to show up on time everyday and work steadily
  at pace set by machine
• Could only take breaks at predetermined time
• Had to adjust your life to the strict discipline
  of industrial production

13
CHILD LABOR

• Adults refused to work in factories because they
  appeared hideous, inhuman places
• CHILD LABOR
• Orphans were terribly exploited
• Situation was so bad that Parliament finally
  intervened and regulated child labor

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URBAN SQUALOR
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SOCIALISM

• General socialist argument
• Capitalism made a few people very rich but kept
  most people poor and miserable
• Capitalism was unjust system
• Early socialist schemes
• Utopian communities (La Reunion)
• Nationalization of industry
• Violent revolutions
• Replace unbridled competition with cooperation
• Abolition of private property
• Flaws
• Misunderstood human nature
• Wanted to turn back clock to days before
  industrial revolution

Charles Fourier
Robert Owen
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SCIENTIFIC SOCIALISM (MARXISM)
Frederick Engels
Karl Marx

• Published Communist Manifesto in 1848
• Corrected flaws in early socialism and proved it
  was workable and inevitable

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FUNDAMENTALS OF MARXISM I

• Human history characterized by one class
  exploiting another
• Classa social group bound together by common
  economic activity and interests
• Ancient World
• Slaveowners exploit slaves
• Feudal Age
• Nobles exploit commoners
• Capitalist (modern) Age
• Bourgeoisie exploits proletariat

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FUNDAMENTALS OF MARXISM II

• Industrialization would eventually create
  conditions for the overthrow of bourgeoisie by
  proletariat
• By making bourgeoisie richer and smaller in
  number
• By making proletariat poorer and larger in number
• Creates class consciousness among
  proletariatthe realization that they are being
  exploited by the bourgeoisie and the desire to do
  something about it
• Result?
• Revolution by proletariat
• Creation of communist society heaven on earth
  where there are no classes and no exploitation

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INACCURATE PREDICTIONS

• Marxist regimes that have been established are
  hardly heavens on earth
• Former Soviet Union, China, Cuba, North Korea
• Most of the industrial world is still capitalist
• No proletarian revolutions in sight
• But Marxism does provide some insight into the
  extreme concern some had with the social
  ramifications of capitalism and
  industrializations during the early Industrial
  Revolution