The past participle and the present perfect indicative

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The Past Participle and the Present Perfect
Indicative
(El participio pasado y el presente perfecto de
indicativo)
He limpiado el virus de su computadora y he
instalado un programa antivirus.
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How the past participle is formed
For -ar verbs
Start with the infinitive . . .
remove the verb ending . . .
and add ado.
cerr
ar
ado
For -er and -ir verbs
Start with the infinitive . . .
remove the verb ending . . .
and add ido.
vend
er
ido
ido
recib
ir
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How the past participle is formed
The past participle is used in Spanish and
English as an adjective or as part of the perfect
tenses. In English, it is usually the -ed or -en
form of the verb.
tomar
comer
vivir
tomado (taken)
comido (eaten)
vivido (lived)
An accent mark is used when a past participle has
the combination of vowels ai, ei, or oi.
creer
believed
creído
oír
heard
oído
leer
read
leído
traer
brought
traído
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How the past participle is formed
The following verbs have irregular past
participles.
abrir
opened
abierto
morir
dead
muerto
cubrir
covered
cubierto
poner
put
puesto
decir
said
dicho
romper
broken
roto
descubrir
discovered
descubierto
ver
seen
visto
escribir
written
escrito
volver
returned
vuelto
hacer
done made
hecho
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The past participle used as a verb
The present perfect in English and Spanish is
considered a compound tense because its forms
require two verbs.
In English, the present perfect is formed with
the present tense of the auxiliary verb to have
past participle.
In Spanish, the present perfect is formed with
the present tense of the verb haber past
participle.
haber
to have
Past participle
Past participle
yo
he
I have
tú
you have
has
taken
tomado
ha
he, she has, you have
él, ella, Ud.
eaten
comido
nosotros/as
hemos
we have
lived
vivido
vosotros/as
habéis
you (pl.) have
ellos/as, Uds.
han
they, you (pl.) have
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The past participle used as a verb
In general, the present perfect is used to refer
to a past action that is perceived as having some
bearing on the present.
Ya has usado la impresora?
Have you already used the printer?
Estoy buscando el cajero automático. Lo has
visto?
Im looking for the automatic teller. Have you
seen it?
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The past participle used as a verb
The auxiliary verb haber agrees with the subject
of the sentence. The past participle, however,
is invariable when used in the perfect tense. It
always ends in o.
Mi jefe me ha dado un teléfono celular muy bueno.
My boss has given me a very good cell phone.
Marisa ha preparado la hoja electrónica.
Marisa has prepared the spreadsheet.
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The past participle used as a verb
The auxiliary verb haber and the past participle
cannot be separated by another word. Object
pronouns and negative words are always placed
before haber.
No la he preparado.
I havent prepared it.
La has abierto?
Have you opened it?
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The past participle used as a verb
It is important to remember that the present
perfect in English is often contracted,
particularly in everyday speech. Such
contractions do not exist in Spanish.
Has leído el informe, verdad?
Youve read the report, right?
Sí, lo he leído varias veces.
Yes, Ive read it several times.
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The past participle used as a verb
The verb haber is not interchangeable with tener.
Haber means to have only when used as an
auxiliary verb with the past participle. Tener
means to have or to own in the sense of
possession.
Julia tiene muchos amigos en esa empresa.
Julia has many friends in that company.
Has tenido experiencia en hacer diseños?
Have you had experience in doing designs?
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To have just . . .
The present tense of the verb acabar, to finish,
is used with de infinitive in order to describe
events that have just happened.
Acabamos de ver la videoconferencia.
We have just seen the videoconference.
Acaban de borrar el archivo.
They have just erased the file.
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The past participle used as an adjective
In both English and Spanish, the past participle
may be used as an adjective to modify a noun.
The Spanish past participle used as an adjective
agrees in number and gender with the noun it
modifies.
Vimos las conferencias grabadas por nuestro
supervisor.
We saw the conferences recorded by our supervisor.
Hay muchos programas escritos en Visual Basic.
There are many programs written in Visual Basic.
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The past participle used as an adjective
The verb estar may be used with the past
participle to describe a state or condition
resulting from a previous action. When used with
estar, the past participle is an adjective and
agrees in number and gender with the noun it
modifies.
El libro está cerrado.
La puerta está cerrada.
Los escritorios están vendidos.
Las computadoras están vendidas.
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FIN