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1
future
We use tenses of verbs to refer to actions or
situations in the present, in the past and in the
future
present
past
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future
There are different sorts of tenses simple
tenses continuous tenses perfect tenses perfect
continuous tenses
present
past
3
future
present tenses
present
present simple present continuous present
perfect present perfect continuous
past
4
present simple
present continuous
present perfect
present perfect continuous
FORM The present simple is formed with the
infinitive of the main verb. The negative and
interrogative are formed with the present tense
of the verb to do infinitive. Examples  I
start ( he starts) work at 8.30 a.m. When do I
start work? I dont start work until 9.00 a..m. /
He doesnt start work until 9.00 a..m.
5
present simple
present continuous
present perfect
present perfect continuous
USE 1. for habitual and repeated
actions Example  I play blues harp and dobro
guitar
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present simple
present continuous
present perfect
present perfect continuous

• USE
• for habitual and repeated actions
• with adverbs (or expressions) of frequency
• ( often usually sometimes -seldom rarely
  always occasionally never twice a week - on
  Tuesdays most of the time ....)
• Example
•  He often arrives late

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present simple
present continuous
present perfect
present perfect continuous

• USE
• for habitual and repeated actions
• with adverbs (or expressions) of frequency
• Certain verbs are usually only used in the simple
  form
•  

verbs of the senses see- hear- smell notice recognize
verbs of emotions want desire refuse forgive wish care love hate like dislike
verbs of thinking think feel realize understand know mean suppose believe expect remember forget
Example Do you see what I mean? She likes my
brother very much. I suppose he realizes that
now.
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present simple
present continuous
present perfect
present perfect continuous

• USE
• for habitual and repeated actions
• with adverbs (or expressions) of frequency
• Certain verbs are usually only used in the simple
  form
• for something that is permanently true

Example Water boils at 100 C.
9
present simple
present continuous
present perfect
present perfect continuous
on the time diagram
now
past
future
I get up at 7.30 a.m. every day.
10
present simple
present continuous
present perfect
present perfect continuous

• FORM
• This tense is formed with the present tense of
  the verb to be present participle of the main
  verb.

Examples Im watching television. What are you
doing? He isnt coming.
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present simple
present continuous
present perfect
present perfect continuous

• USE
• 1. For actions happening at the moment of
  speaking.

Example Shes reading the newspaper.
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present simple
present continuous
present perfect
present perfect continuous

• USE
• For actions happening at the moment of speaking.
• For a temporary state.

Example The company is reorganizing its services.
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present simple
present continuous
present perfect
present perfect continuous

• USE
• For actions happening at the moment of speaking.
• For a temporary state.
• For a definite arrangement in the near future.

Example Theyre signing the contract tomorrow.
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present simple
present continuous
present perfect
present perfect continuous

• USE
• For actions happening at the moment of speaking.
• For a temporary state.
• For a definite arrangement in the near future.

Some verbs are not usually used in a continuous
form
verbs of senses see hear smell notice - recognize
verbs of emotion want desire refuse forgive wish care love hate like - dislike
verbs of thinking think feel realize understand know mean suppose believe expect remember - forget
verbs of possessing own owe belong - possess
some other verbs seem appear (seem) contain consist keep (continue) - matter
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present simple
present continuous
present perfect
present perfect continuous

• on the time diagram

now
past
future
Im adjusting the rotating speed
16
present simple
present continuous
present perfect
present perfect continuous

• FORM
• This tense is formed with the present tense of
  the verb to have past participle of the main
  verb.

Examples Ive finished. Where have you been? I
havent talked to him.
17
present simple
present continuous
present perfect
present perfect continuous

• USE
• Actions in the recent past with just, recently,
  already, at last, lately

Example He has just immersed the temperature
probe into the molten steel.
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present simple
present continuous
present perfect
present perfect continuous

• USE
• Actions in the recent past with just, recently,
  already, at last, lately
• General experience with ever never before
  so far

Example This is the highest carbon ratio Ive
ever seen.
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present simple
present continuous
present perfect
present perfect continuous

• USE
• Actions in the recent past with just, recently,
  already, at last, lately
• General experience with ever never before
  so far
• The indefinite past we are interested in what
  happened, not in when it happened.

Example I have seen the report. (I know what it
is about.) He has sold the company. They have had
lunch.
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present simple
present continuous
present perfect
present perfect continuous

• USE
• Actions in the recent past with just, recently,
  already, at last, lately
• General experience with ever never before
  so far
• The indefinite past we are interested in what
  happened, not in when it happened.
• Actions starting in the past and continuing to
  the present, with for or since.

Example The operation has been suspended for two
months. The firm has had a Belgian branch since
October last year.
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present simple
present continuous
present perfect
present perfect continuous

• on the time diagram

relationship with the present moment
now
past
future
I ve just arrived.
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present simple
present continuous
present perfect
present perfect continuous

• on the time diagram

?
?
?
now
past
future
Have you been to France?
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present simple
present continuous
present perfect
present perfect continuous

• on the time diagram

now
past
future
They have revised their report.
24
present simple
present continuous
present perfect
present perfect continuous

• on the time diagram

now
past
future
We have conducted experiments on this phenomenon
for almost two years.
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present simple
present continuous
present perfect
present perfect continuous

• FORM
• This tense is formed with the present perfect of
  the verb to be present participle of the main
  verb.

Examples I ve been writing code for our new
data-mining program. Has she been trying to
contact me? She hasnt been writing at all.
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present simple
present continuous
present perfect
present perfect continuous

• USE
• We use this tense for actions started in the
  past, continuing to the present and probably
  continuing into the future. We often use it with
  for or since.

Examples I ve been trying to persuade him for
ten years now. We ve been practicing this
routine since last Wednesday.
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present simple
present continuous
present perfect
present perfect continuous

• on the time diagram

now 2004
past
future
1984
I ve been driving driving lorries for twenty
years.....
In this sentence, the duration is emphasized,
either positively or negatively.
So I know what Im talking about! So its high
time I quit.
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present simple
present continuous
present perfect
present perfect continuous

• on the time diagram

now 2004
past
future
1984
I ve driven a Volkswagen for twenty years.....
In this sentence, the duration is indicated, but
the car brand is emphasized.
Clearly I have confidence in this car.
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future
past simple past continuous past perfect past
perfect continuous
present
past
past tenses
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past simple
past continuous
past perfect
past perfect continuous
FORM This tense is formed by adding -ed to the
infinitive. The negative and interrogative are
formed with the past tense of the verb to do
infinitive of the main verb
Examples  They arrived at head quarters an hour
ago. When did he finalize this deal? I didnt
finish until 12 oclock.
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past simple
past continuous
past perfect
past perfect continuous
USE 1. For actions completed at a definite time
in the past.
Example  We signed the contract last Friday at 2
oclock.
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past simple
past continuous
past perfect
past perfect continuous

• USE
• For actions completed at a definite time in the
  past.
• For actions which are already completed in the
  past the time is understood but not stated.

Example  Did you arrive in time?
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past simple
past continuous
past perfect
past perfect continuous

• USE
• For actions completed at a definite time in the
  past.
• For actions which are already completed in the
  past the time is understood but not stated.
• The unreal past tense is used after the verb
  to wish and after words and phrases such as if
  only its time suppose etc. The simple
  past tense implies that the speaker knows that
  the wish or the idea is impossible. Note that the
  wish refers to the present time.

Examples If I only knew his name. I wish I were
at home now. If I were in his shoes, I would fix
his wagon without much scruples. Its time I went
home.
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past simple
past continuous
past perfect
past perfect continuous
on the time diagram
now
past
future
15.30
I arrived at 15.30 sharp.
35
past simple
past continuous
past perfect
past perfect continuous
FORM This tense is formed with the past tense of
the verb to be present participle of the main
verb.
Examples I was watching TV at 8 oclock
yesterday. Where were you looking for my glasses
this time? I wasnt eavesdropping at all!
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past simple
past continuous
past perfect
past perfect continuous
USE 1. To emphasize the continuity of the past
action.
Examples She was playing tennis with a friend. He
was discussing production planning for the coming
week.
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past simple
past continuous
past perfect
past perfect continuous

• USE
• To emphasize the continuity of the past action.
• To describe an action in progress at a certain
  time in the past.

Examples At 6 p.m. I was still sleeping. At a
quarter past nine I was having breakfast. Prices
were going up all the time.
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past simple
past continuous
past perfect
past perfect continuous

• USE
• To emphasize the continuity of the past action.
• To describe an action in progress at a certain
  time in the past.
• To describe an interrupted past action.

Examples When he arrived, I was studying the
quarterly reports.
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past simple
past continuous
past perfect
past perfect continuous

• USE
• To emphasize the continuity of the past action.
• To describe an action in progress at a certain
  time in the past.
• To describe an interrupted past action.
• To express repeated past actions which caused
  irritation, annoyance. ( with always, forever)

Examples He was always trying to influence the
personnel director. She was forever paring her
nails during meetings.
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past simple
past continuous
past perfect
past perfect continuous
on the time diagram
future
now
past
I was working all day yesterday.
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past simple
past continuous
past perfect
past perfect continuous
on the time diagram
now
past
future
I was working all day yesterday.
yesterday
past
now
future
I worked all day yesterday.
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past simple
past continuous
past perfect
past perfect continuous
on the time diagram
now
past
future
1. I was working all day yesterday.
yesterday
past
now
future
2. I worked all day yesterday.
While (1) emphasizes the continuity of the
action, (2) only indicates that the action took
place yesterday.
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past simple
past continuous
past perfect
past perfect continuous
on the time diagram
now
past
future
8.30 p.m.
I was watching TV at 8.30 last night.
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past simple
past continuous
past perfect
past perfect continuous
on the time diagram
8.30 p.m.
now
past
future
3. I was watching TV at 8.30 last night.
8.30 p.m.
future
past
now
4. I watched TV at 8.30 last night.
Whereas 3. indicates that the action started
before and continued after a certain point in
time, 4. indicates that the action happened
(started) at 8.30
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past simple
past continuous
past perfect
past perfect continuous
on the time diagram
I was browsing through your report ...
future
now
past
when he knocked at my office door.
46
past simple
past continuous
past perfect
past perfect continuous
FORM This tense is formed with the past tense of
the verb to have past participle of the main
verb.
Examples I had never seen so many measuring
tools. What assistance had he given? He hadnt
expected this outcome.
47
past simple
past continuous
past perfect
past perfect continuous
USE 1. We use this tense to describe one past
action happening before another past action.
Example The customer had left the shop by the
time I found his order form.
48
past simple
past continuous
past perfect
past perfect continuous

• USE
• We use this tense to describe one past action
  happening before another past action.
• We use it when necessary to indicate the sequence
  of two actions.

Example He had already cleared the screen when I
got behind his desk.
49
past simple
past continuous
past perfect
past perfect continuous

• USE
• We use this tense to describe one past action
  happening before another past action.
• We use it when necessary to indicate the sequence
  of two actions.
• We often us it when the second action is
  understood, but not stated.

Example I hadnt realized! (until you told
me.)
50
past simple
past continuous
past perfect
past perfect continuous
on the time diagram
past
future
had dinner
watched TV
now
1. When I had had dinner, I watched TV.
watched TV
had dinner
past
now
future
2. I had dinner before I watched TV.
In (1) the sequence of actions is expressed by
the past perfect tense whereas in (2) the
sequence of actions is indicated by the use of
before
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past simple
past continuous
past perfect
past perfect continuous
FORM This tense is formed with the past perfect
tense of the verb to be present participle of
the main verb.
Examples She had been working as a secretary for
two years when she was promoted. What had she
been writing all day? He hadnt been listening to
that tape for that long.
52
past simple
past continuous
past perfect
past perfect continuous

• USE
• We use this tense to describe a continuous past
  action happening before another past action.
  We often use it
  with for time period.

Example We had been waiting for thirty minutes
when they arrived.  
53
past simple
past continuous
past perfect
past perfect continuous

• USE
• We use this tense to describe a continuous past
  action happening before another past action.
  We often use it
  with for time period.
• We use this tense to emphasize the continuity or
  duration of the past action.

Example  I had been waiting for my exam results
for six weeks. (before I got them.)
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past simple
past continuous
past perfect
past perfect continuous
on the time diagram

past
future
10 minutes
now
1. I had been waiting for 10 minutes when she
arrived.
past
now
2. I waited for 10 minutes before she arrived.
Whereas in (1) the past perfect continuous
indicates both the sequence of the actions and
the continuity of the first action in (2) the
sequence of the actions is indicated by before.
(1.) emphasizes the duration.
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future
future tenses
future simple future continuous future
perfect future perfect continuous going
to present continuous present simple
present
past
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future simple
future continuous
future perfect
future perfect continuous
going to ...
present continuous
present simple
USE We use this tense to express a pure future.
Actions expressed in the simple future are bound
to happen because of the course of time. This
means that the speaker has no power over the
events, that he cannot control what will happen.
For this reason this tense is also called the
uncertain future..
Examples He will be sixteen years old next
Friday. The baby will be born next month
57
future simple
future continuous
future perfect
future perfect continuous
going to ...
present continuous
present simple

• USE
• We often use this tense with particular verbs
  such as think know believe suppose expect
  hope to express beliefs, convictions, hope,
  expectations, knowledge and opinions about the
  future.

Examples I think Brazil will win. I dont suppose
she will be promoted now
58
future simple
future continuous
future perfect
future perfect continuous
going to ...
present continuous
present simple

• USE
• We often use this tense with particular verbs
  such as think know believe suppose expect
  hope to express beliefs, convictions, hope,
  expectations, knowledge and opinions about the
  future.
• We often use it with particular adverbs such as
  probably possibly perhaps to express
  uncertainty about the future.

Examples He will probably ask the general
manager. This matter will probably not be raised
before the commissions first meeting
59
future simple
future continuous
future perfect
future perfect continuous
going to ...
present continuous
present simple

• USE
• We often use this tense with particular verbs
  such as think know believe suppose expect
  hope to express beliefs, convictions, hope,
  expectations, knowledge and opinions about the
  future.
• We often use it with particular adverbs such as
  probably possibly perhaps to express
  uncertainty about the future.
• The simple present is used in conditional clauses
  and time clauses. The simple future is used in
  the main clause (not in the if-clause).

Examples He ll help you if you ask him. I ll
tell him the news as soon as I see him. He ll be
arrested the moment he sets foot on Schengen
soil.
60
future simple
future continuous
future perfect
future perfect continuous
going to ...
present continuous
present simple
FORM This tense is formed with the present tense
of the verb to be going to infinitive of
the main verb.
Examples I m going to watch this football match
on TV tonight. What are you going to do about
this ? She isnt going to give this party next
week
61
future simple
future continuous
future perfect
future perfect continuous
going to ...
present continuous
present simple

• USE
• We use this tense to talk about present
  intentions and plans for future actions.

Examples I m going to pass my exams next
month. I m going to spend two weeks in Spain
this summer.
62
future simple
future continuous
future perfect
future perfect continuous
going to ...
present continuous
present simple

• USE
• We use this tense to talk about present
  intentions and plans for future actions.
• We also use going to in order to express
  subjective certainty on the part of the speaker.

Examples This boat is going to sink. Its going
to rain, by the look
63
future simple
future continuous
future perfect
future perfect continuous
going to ...
present continuous
present simple

• USE
• We use this tense to indicate definite future
  arrangements, actions planned in the near future.
  We nearly always use a future time expression
  with it.

Examples He s starting his new job next
Monday. I m taking the 11 oclock train to
Berlin
64
future simple
future continuous
future perfect
future perfect continuous
going to ...
present continuous
present simple

• USE
• We use this tense to indicate definite future
  arrangements, actions planned in the near future.
  We nearly always use a future time expression
  with it.
• Note do not confuse intention ( to be going to
  verb) and arrangement (to be present
  participle).

Examples Im going to stay in London.
intention Im going to London next weekend
arrangement
65
future simple
future continuous
future perfect
future perfect continuous
going to ...
present continuous
present simple
FORM This tense is formed with the infinitive of
the main verb. The negative and interrogative are
formed with the present tense of to do
infinitive
Examples The plane takes off at 7.30 local
time. The match begins at 14.00 hours. You leave
from Kennedy airport at noon, and arrive in Paris
at 15.00 hours GMT.
66
future simple
future continuous
future perfect
future perfect continuous
going to ...
present continuous
present simple
USE We use this tense to talk about planned
future actions. We usually use it to describe
travel plans, time tables, departures,
arrivals.  
Examples The bus leaves at 15.30. The reception
starts at 19.00 hours. The ferry leaves Dover at
12.30 tomorrow and we arrive at Calais at 13.15.
67
future simple
future continuous
future perfect
future perfect continuous
going to ...
present continuous
present simple
FORM  This tense is formed with the future simple
of to be present participle of the main verb.
Examples We ll be flying to Rome this time next
week. What will you be doing this time next
week? They wont be sitting in the classroom at 6
oclock tomorrow.
68
future simple
future continuous
future perfect
future perfect continuous
going to ...
present continuous
present simple
USE  We use this tense for actions that will be
in progress at a certain time in the future.  
Examples At 11.45 next Friday, I ll be doing my
chemistry exam. I ll be hiking through the
States this time next year.
69
future simple
future continuous
future perfect
future perfect continuous
going to ...
present continuous
present simple
on the time diagram 
past
future
now
This time next week Ill be taking my driving
test.
70
future simple
future continuous
future perfect
future perfect continuous
going to ...
present continuous
present simple

• USE
• The future continuous is also used to express
  long-term arrangements, especially for
  travelling.

Examples The band will be travelling through
Scandinavia at the end of the month. They will be
giving three performances there.
71
future simple
future continuous
future perfect
future perfect continuous
going to ...
present continuous
present simple

• USE
• The future continuous is also used to express
  long-term arrangements, especially for
  travelling.
• The future continuous is also used to ask very
  polite questions about future activities. By
  using the future continuous tense, the speaker
  asking the questions shows that he does not want
  to influence the other persons decision in any
  way at all.

Examples Where will you be having dinner, Sir?
(secretary to boss) What will you be having,
Madam? (waiter to customer)
72
future simple
future continuous
future perfect
future perfect continuous
going to ...
present continuous
present simple

• USE
• The future continuous is also used to express
  long-term arrangements, especially for
  travelling.
• The future continuous is also used to ask very
  polite questions about future activities. By
  using the future continuous tense, the speaker
  asking the questions shows that he does not want
  to influence the other persons decision in any
  way at all.
• The future continuous is also used to make
  deductions about what is happening at the moment
  of speaking.

Examples He will be working in his garden now.
Otherwise, he would have heard the phone. She
hasnt begun making up the beds. She will still
be doing the washing up.
73
future simple
future continuous
future perfect
future perfect continuous
going to ...
present continuous
present simple
FORM  This tense is formed with will have
past participle of the main verb.
Examples They ll have finalized their business
by noon. Will they have copied all that material
by Friday morning? They wont have organized
this course by the end of this year.
74
future simple
future continuous
future perfect
future perfect continuous
going to ...
present continuous
present simple
USE We use this tense to describe actions which
we know will (or will not) be completed by a
certain time in the future.
Examples I ll have finished this book by the end
of the week.
75
future simple
future continuous
future perfect
future perfect continuous
going to ...
present continuous
present simple
on the time diagram
past
future
now
end of next week
Examples By the end of next week, Ill have
finished my exams.
76
future simple
future continuous
future perfect
future perfect continuous
going to ...
present continuous
present simple
FORM This tense is formed with the future perfect
tense of to be present participle of rthe main
verb.
Examples By the end of this year, we ll have
been experimenting with this polymer for more
than three months. How long will you have been
living in that shack by the end of this year? I
wont have been living here for more than five
years by the end of this year.
77
future simple
future continuous
future perfect
future perfect continuous
going to ...
present continuous
present simple
USE We use this tense to describe continuous and
repeated actions which begin before a certain
time in the future and will probably continue
after that time.
Examples By the end of this academic year, Ill
have been teaching for 30 years.
78
future simple
future continuous
future perfect
future perfect continuous
going to ...
present continuous
present simple
on the time diagram
past
future
now
end of this academic year
Example By the end of this academic year, Ill
have been teaching for 30 years.