Eubacteria and archaebacteria differ in

1
Eubacteria and archaebacteria differ in

• the presence of a nucleus.
• the makeup of their cell walls.
• size.
• the presence of a cell wall.

2
Unlike eubacteria, archaebacteria

• have cell walls.
• are prokaryotes.
• have two cell membranes.
• are thought to be the ancestors of eukaryotes.

3
Which of the following is NOT a way in which
archaebacteria and eubacteria differ?

• Archaebacteria lack an important carbohydrate
  found in the cell walls of eubacteria.
• The two groups have very different membrane
  lipids.
• Archaebacteria have gene sequences that are
  similar to those of eukaryotes.
• Archaebacteria follow the lytic cycle, while
  eubacteria follow the lysogenic cycle.

4
Which of the following are members of the kingdom
Archaebacteria?

• methanogens
• eubacteria
• eukaryotes
• E. coli

5
Figure 191
6
The structure in Figure 191 represents a(an)

• virus.
• archaebacterium.
• methanogen.
• eubacterium.

7
Which structure or structures shown in Figure
191 have key differences in eubacteria and
archaebacteria?

• A, B, C
• A, B, E
• D only
• A only

8
Figure 192 shows how prokaryotes can be
identified by

• the composition of their cell walls.
• their reaction to the Gram stain.
• their cell shapes.
• their methods for obtaining energy.

9
Which cell shape in Figure 192 is called a
coccus?

• A
• B
• C
• none of the above

10
When treated with Gram stain, Gram-positive
eubacteria appear

• violet.
• pink.
• yellow.
• orange.

11
Bacilli, cocci, and spirilla are

• Gram stains.
• shapes of prokaryotes.
• methods of prokaryotic movement.
• ways that prokaryotes obtain energy.

12
Which of the following is(are) used to identify
prokaryotes?

• cell shape
• the way prokaryotes move
• the way prokaryotes obtain energy
• all of the above

13
Where are you likely to find a photoautotroph?

• in your refrigerator
• in the darkness of the ocean
• in your digestive system
• near the surfaces of lakes, streams, and oceans

14
Unlike photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs obtain
energy

• directly from the sun.
• directly from inorganic molecules.
• indirectly from organic molecules.
• indirectly from other organisms.

15
Most prokaryotes are

• heterotrophs.
• photoautotrophs.
• chemoautotrophs.
• photoheterotrophs.

16
A method called Gram staining is used to tell

• what shape a prokaryote has.
• how a prokaryote obtains energy.
• what kind of cell wall a prokaryote has.
• whether a prokaryote has flagella.

17
Which of the following describes a role of
bacteria in the environment?

• carrying out photosynthesis
• recycling nutrients
• fixing nitrogen
• all of the above

18
Bacteria are sometimes called natures recyclers
because they

• undergo conjugation.
• break down nutrients in dead matter.
• can switch between respiration and fermentation.
• carry out photosynthesis.

19
Bacteria that break down the nutrients in dead
matter into simpler substances that are taken up
by plant roots are called

• endospores.
• flagella.
• photoautotrophs.
• decomposers.

20
Nitrogen fixation involves each of the following
EXCEPT

• soybeans.
• Rhizobium.
• fertilizer.
• nodules on roots.

21
Which of the following is produced when bacteria
break down complex compounds in sewage?

• carbon dioxide gas
• purified water
• nitrogen
• all of the above

22
Humans use bacteria to

• clean up small oil spills.
• mine minerals from the ground.
• synthesize drugs.
• all of the above

23
Bacteria living in extreme environments may be a
good source of

• antibiotics.
• heat-stable enzymes.
• nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
• Gram stains.

24
The outer protein coat of a virus is called a

• DNA core.
• capsid.
• bacteriophage.
• tail sheath.

25
All viruses are made of proteins and

• nucleic acids.
• prophages.
• bacteriophages.
• endospores.

26
A viral capsid functions to

• bind the virus to the surface of a host cell.
• transcribe viral genes.
• force a host cell to make copies of the virus.
• destroy a host cell.

27
The instructions for making new copies of a virus
are

• a part of a viruss capsid.
• coded in surface proteins attached to the protein
  coat.
• coded in either RNA or DNA.
• found only in bacteriophages.

28
What is the basic structure of a virus?

• DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat
• a capsid surrounded by a protein coat
• a tail sheath surrounded by tail fibers
• a tiny cell surrounded by a cell wall

29
Viruses

• are all about the same size.
• vary greatly in size and structure.
• rarely contain DNA or RNA.
• can be seen with a basic compound light
  microscope.

30
A lytic infection concludes with the

• embedding of viral DNA into the host cells DNA.
• production of a prophage.
• bursting of the host cell.
• production of messenger RNA.

31
A prophage is made of

• bacteriophages.
• carbohydrates.
• capsid proteins.
• viral DNA.

32
Bacteriophages infect

• other viruses.
• bacteria only.
• any available host cell.
• cells undergoing the lytic cycle.

33
Unlike lytic viruses, lysogenic viruses do NOT

• inject their genetic material into the host cell.
• enter the lytic cycle.
• lyse the host cell right away.
• infect host cells.

34
During a lytic infection, the host cell is

• destroyed.
• prepared for the lysogenic cycle.
• copied many times over.
• all of the above

35
Which of the following is a way that bacteria
cause disease?

• by capsids
• by nitrogen fixation
• by conjugation
• by releasing toxins

36
Bacteria that cause disease are called

• viruses.
• pathogens.
• endospores.
• antibiotics.

37
A bacterial infection results when bacteria

• break down the bodys tissues.
• lyse following the lytic cycle.
• live as obligate aerobes in the absence of
  oxygen.
• undergo conjugation inside the body.

38
Which of the following diseases is NOT caused by
a bacterium?

• tooth decay
• tuberculosis
• AIDS
• Lyme disease

39
Food stored in a refrigerator will keep longer
because the bacteria that spoil food

• die at low temperatures.
• take longer to multiply at low temperatures.
• require light to live.
• grow more slowly in the dark.

40
Which of the following is a characteristic of
bacteria that is key to keeping them under
control?

• Most bacteria cannot survive high temperatures
  for long periods.
• Most bacteria are resistant to harmful chemicals.
• Most bacteria form endospores when subjected to
  harsh conditions.
• Most bacteria do not cause food to spoil.

41
Which of the following will NOT kill bacteria?

• refrigeration
• boiling
• chemical disinfection
• frying

42
Which of the following is a proper use of
disinfectants?

• as an antibiotic
• to start conjugation
• to sterilize a hospital
• to preserve foods

43
Which of the following is NOT a viral disease?

• botulism
• AIDS
• measles
• polio

44
Viral diseases can be

• treated with antibiotics and prevented with
  vaccines.
• treated with vaccines and prevented with
  antibiotics.
• prevented with antibiotics but not treated with
  vaccines.
• prevented with vaccines but not treated with
  antibiotics.

45
Plant viruses have a difficult time entering the
cells they infect partly because

• plant viruses are weaker than animal viruses.
• plant cells have tough cell walls.
• many plant viruses are spread by insects.
• plant viruses do not have a protein coat.

46
Viruses cause disease by

• producing toxins that harm the body.
• reproducing independently inside the body.
• forming endospores in the body.
• disrupting the bodys normal equilibrium.

47
Scientists reason that archaebacteria may be the
ancestors of eukaryotes. If this is true, then
archaebacteria and eukaryotes share a common
ancestor that is more recent than the common
ancestor of archaebacteria and eubacteria.
_________________________

• True
• False

48
Many archaebacteria live in extreme environments,
such as in Utahs Great Salt Lake.
_________________________

• True
• False

49
Figure 192 shows the three shapes of viruses.
_________________________

• True
• False

50
The spiral-shaped organism labeled B in Figure
192 is an example of a spirillum.
_________________________

• True
• False

51
The Gram-staining method applies only to
archaebacteria. _________________________

• True
• False

52
Plants and animals benefit from nitrogen-fixing
bacteria. _________________________

• True
• False

53
Bacteria can be used to synthesize drugs through
genetic-engineering techniques.
_________________________

• True
• False

54
Bacteria are used in the production of a variety
of foods and beverages. _________________________

• True
• False

55
T4 is the name of a bacteriophage.
_________________________

• True
• False

56
The structure labeled D in Figure 193 is called
a tail fiber. _________________________

• True
• False

57
Another name for the structure labeled A in
Figure 193 is head. _________________________

• True
• False

58
The structure labeled A in Figure 193 helps
attach this virus to a host cell during a lytic
infection. _________________________

• True
• False

59
Bacteria can cause disease by releasing toxins
into the body. _________________________

• True
• False

60
A disinfectant is a chemical solution that kills
bacteria. _________________________

• True
• False

61
An antibiotic is a preparation of weakened or
killed virus or viral proteins.
_________________________

• True
• False

62
Participant Scores
63
Based on DNA sequences of key archaebacterial
genes, archaebacteria and ____________________
seem to share a more recent common ancestor than
do archaebacteria and ____________________.
64
Some bacteria carry out photosynthesis in a
manner similar to that of plants and are called
____________________.
65
Figure 191
66
According to Figure 191, the structure labeled
____________________ determines whether a
eubacterium is Gram positive or Gram negative.
67
Figure 192
68
The organism labeled A in Figure 192 is an
example of a(an) ____________________.
69
The process of converting nitrogen to a form
plants can use is called _________________________
.
70
In human intestines, bacteria help the body make
____________________.
71
The knoblike root nodules of soybean plants are
the sites of ____________________.
72
Figure 193
73
In Figure 193, the structure labeled D is a(an)
____________________.
74
The structure labeled B in Figure 193 is the
____________________.
75
In a lysogenic infection, the viral DNA that is
embedded in a host cells DNA is called a(an)
____________________.
76
The pathogenic bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi
causes ____________________.
77
Destroying bacteria by subjecting them to great
heat or to chemical action is called
____________________.
78
A chemical solution that is used in hospitals to
kill bacteria is called a(an) ____________________
.
79
Scrapie, an infectious disease in sheep, is
caused by a(an) ____________________.
80
Certain viruses called ____________________
viruses cause cancer in animals.
81
Figure 191
82
Identify structures A through F in Figure 191.
83
Name the two kingdoms of bacteria. List one way
that these two groups differ from each other.
84
List four factors that are used to identify
prokaryotes.
85
Describe two roles that bacteria have in the
environment.
86
What would happen to other organisms if bacteria
did not recycle nutrients?
87
A container of yogurt from your local supermarket
has the following information on its package
Contains active cultures of Lactobacillus
bulgaricus. What does this information mean?
88
Describe three ways in which humans use bacteria.
89
What are three foods that have been made using
bacteria?
90
What is a virus? Describe the basic structure of
a virus
91
List two ways in which bacteria cause disease.
92
What is a pathogen?
93
How does the use of an antibiotic differ from the
use of a disinfectant?
94
Following a flood, people are often advised to
boil their drinking water. Explain why this is
necessary.
95
Describe two methods of killing bacteria.
96
Describe three ways in which bacteria can be
controlled.
97
Explain how the two groups of prokaryotes differ.
How are these two groups classified?
98
Compare and contrast the following kinds of
bacteria photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs,
heterotrophs, photoheterotrophs. Which method of
obtaining energy is most like the way humans
obtain energy?
99
What is Gram staining? Describe how the results
of Gram staining can help identify eubacteria
100
A student heated 400 mL of milk to 81C for 15
minutes. Then, he added a teaspoon of yogurt to
the milk and incubated the mixture at 39C for 24
hours. At the end of 24 hours, the milk had
become thicker in consistency, and its pH had
decreased. What do you think happened to the
milk? Why was the milk heated before the yogurt
was added?
101
Compare and contrast a virus with a cell.
102
How do viruses cause infection?
103
Contrast a bacterial infection with a viral
infection.
104
Explain how bacteria cause disease. Give an
example of each method.
105
Design an experiment that would test the
effectiveness of a disinfectant on bacteria.
106
Shingles and chickenpox are both viral diseases
caused by the varicella-zoster herpes virus.
Shingles usually occurs years after a person has
had the chickenpox. Based on this information,
what kind of infection cycle do you think the
varicella-zoster virus has? Link the infection
cycle to the appearance of shingles years after
initial infection with the virus