What are the 6 Kingdoms of Organisms?

1
Take 5

• What are the 6 Kingdoms of Organisms?
• What is a cladogram?
• What are the 5 ways we can determine evolutionary
  relationships?

Archeabacteria, Eubacteria, Protists, Fungi,
Plants, Animals
Branching diagram that models the phylogeny of a
species
Structure Breeding Behavior Geographical
Distribution Chromosomes Biochemistry
2
Take 5

• Who divided life into 2 categories?
• What are the rules for binomial nomenclature?

3
Chapter 17

• Organizing Lifes Diversity

4
Section 17.2

• The Six Kingdoms

5
I. How are evolutionary relationships determined?

• Structural Similarities
• Species are closely _______________ and have
  _________ from a common ancestor.

related
evolved
6
I. How are evolutionary relationships determined?

• Breeding Behavior
• Sometimes _____________ behavior provides
  important clues to _________________ among
  species.
• EX Very similar frogs w/ different mating
  behavior
• Geographical Distribution
• ____________ helps to determine their
  relationships with other species. (Galopagos
  Finches)

breeding
relationships
Location
7
I. How are evolutionary relationships determined?
Raccoon!!

• Chromosome Comparison
• Both the ___________ and structure of chromosomes
  provides _____________ of relationships among
  species
• Biochemistry
• Closely related species have similar ___________
  sequences, and therefore similar proteins.

number
structure
DNA
Bear!!
8
II. Phylogenic Classification Models
ancestor

• Species that share a common _____________ also
  share an evolutionary ______________.
• Phylogeny the evolutionary history of a
  _____________.
• Cladistics
• One biological system of _______________ that is
  based on phylogeny is cladistics.
• Scientists assume that as groups of organisms
  ____________ and evolve from a common ancestral
  group, they retain some unique inherited
  characteristics that taxonomists call derived
  ______________.

history
species
classification
diverge
traits
9

• A phylogeny represents the evolutionary
  relationships among a set of organisms or groups
  of organisms, called taxa (singular taxon).

C
A
B
10
Leopard
American badger
European otter
Coyote
Gray Wolf
11

• The tips of the tree represent groups of
  descendent taxa (often species) and the nodes on
  the tree represent the common ancestors of those
  descendents.

C
A
B
node
represents
common ancestor
12

• Two descendents that split from the same node are
  called sister groups.

C
A
B
13
In the tree below, species A B are sister
groups they are each other's closest relatives.
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A clade is a group of organisms that includes an
ancestor and all descendents of that ancestor.
You can think of a clade as a branch on the tree
of life. Some examples of clades are shown on the
tree below.
15
These 3 trees depict the same relationships!
C
B
A
B
A
C
B
C
A
16
Cladogram
17
Species phylogeny
From the Tree of the Life Website,University of
Arizona
Orangutan
Human
Gorilla
Chimpanzee
Other people's ppt files
18
II. Phylogenic Classification Models

• Another type of model
• Fan-like model diagram incorporates
  ___________ information and the knowledge gained
  form anatomical, embryological, ___________, and
  cladistic studies.

fossil
genetic
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III. The Six Kingdoms of Organisms
extreme

• Archaebacteria live in ____________ environment,
  prokaryotes _______________
• EX _______________________________________

unicellular
methanogens, halophiles, thermophiles
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III. The Six Kingdoms of Organisms

• Eubacteria prokaryotes, very strong cell
  _________, some cause disease but most are
  harmless and actually helpful
• EX ____________________________________________

walls
Streptococci,
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III. The Six Kingdoms of Organisms

• Protists eukaryotic organisms that ____________
  complex organ systems and lives in moist
  environment, diverse group (unicellular/multicellu
  lar)
• EX _____________________________________________
  ____

lack
Paramecium, slime mold, giant kelp, Amoeba
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III. The Six Kingdoms of Organisms
heterotrophs

• Fungi Decomposer, _____________ unicellular or
  multicelluar eukaryotes that absorbs nutrients
  from organic materials.
• EX ____________________________________________

Mushrooms (parasol)
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III. The Six Kingdoms of Organisms
multicellular

• Plants _____________, oxygen producers,
  photosynthetic eukaryotes. Cells contain a cell
  ____________ and chloroplasts.
• EX ____________________________________
• Animals multicellular __________________
  heterotrophs
• EX ____________________________________

wall
Trees, shrubs, herbs
consumers
Dogs, cats, humans, monkeys
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HW Pg 453 Mini-Lab

• Due Monday 1/10/11
• Read procedure
• Draw the cladogram and fill in the blanks
• Answer analysis questions 1-4.