Old Kingdom: MONERANS New: Eubacteria

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Old Kingdom MONERANSNew Eubacteria
Archaebacteria

• Bacteria

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Monerans - prokaryotic cellsDo not have a
membrane-bound nucleus

• Size is 1-10 micrometers (1 micrometer is 1
  thousandth of a millimeter)
• 4 Phyla (old system)
• 1. Eubacteria - true bacteria, surrounded by
  cell wall
• 2. Archaebacteria - live in harsh environments
• 3. Cyanobacteria - blue-green, photosynthetic
• 4. Prochlorobacteria - contain chlorophyll, like
  plants

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Identification

• 1. Cell shapes
• Bacilli - rod shaped

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• Cell shape
• Cocci - spherical

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Cell shape Spirilli - spiral shaped
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Identification

• 2. Cell wall - Gram staining
• Gram positive - takes in dye and is violet
• Gram negative - appears red. Usually disease
  causing bacteria.

Chemical differences in cell wall
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Identification

• 3. Movement
• Flagella
• Lash, snake or spiral forward
• Glide along slime layer
• No movement at all

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Identification

• 4. Obtain energy
• Autotrophs - can make own food
• a. Phototrophic - traps sunlight
• b. Chemotrophic - uses inorganic molecules

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Identification

• Heterotroph - cannot make own food. Takes in
  organic molecules, breaks down and absorbs.

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Respiration

• Obligate aerobes - must have oxygen
• Obligate anaerobes - does not need oxygen
• Tetanus and Clostridium botulinium
• Facultative anaerobes - with or without oxygen

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Reproduction

• Binary fission - asexual cell division
• Conjugation - sexual exchange of genetic info
• Spore formation endospore- thick internal wall
  that encloses DNA. Grows when conditions are
  right.

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Importance of Bacteria

• A. Good Bacteria
• Production of food cheese, buttermilk, wine
• Industrial use - digest oil from spills, remove
  poisons from water, used to synthesize drugs.

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• Symbiosis - live with other organisms.
• ExE. coli in intestines helps absorption
• Nutrient flow - bacteria recycle decompose dead
  material to return to soil
• Nitrogen fixation for plants

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Importance of Bacteria

• B. Bad bacteria
• Pathogenic - disease causing
• Diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, tetanus,
  syphilis, cholera bubonic plague

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Controlling bacteria growth

• Freezing - stops growth
• Refrigeration - slows growth
• Canning - heat to boil, seals out air but some
  endospores will survive

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Controlling bacteria growth

• Drying - no moisture
• Salt - if enough then no growth
• Radiation alcohol - used to sterilize kill
• Antibiotics - drugs natural compounds that
  attack and destroy

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Viruses

• A noncellular particle made up of genetic
  material and protein that can invade living cells
  
• (a parasite needs a host)

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Viruses

• A. Composed of DNA or RNA (not both!) surrounded
  by a capsid (protein coat)
• B. Not composed of cells. Infect living cells,
  grows, reproduces evolves
• Bacteriophage virus that invades bacteria
• C. Shapes
• Rod
• Tadpole
• Many sided (helical or cube-like)

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Viruses

• D. Vary in size (20 - 400 nanometers)
• 1 nanometer 1 billionth of a meter
• E. Viruses classifed according to host
• Bacteria
• Plant viruses
• Human other animal viruses (HIV SIV)
• F. Viruses mutate and become stronger in next
  generation

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Lytic Virusinvade or infect a living host to
reproduce (kills host)

• A. Infection/attachment - injects DNA into host
  cell
• B. Growth - virus DNA shuts down normal cell
  activities to make copy of itself
• C. Replication uses materials of host to make
  copies
• D. Cell lysis infected cell bursts releases
  new viral particles that will infect other cells

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Lysogenic Infection

• Does not lyse the host cell, it justs
  incorporates itself in host DNA (prophage)
• Ex Retrovirus - contains RNA. When in host cell,
  the genetic info is read backwards (RNA to DNA).
  Some cause cancer.
• HIV is a retrovirus

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Viral Diseases

• Chicken pox
• Cold sores
• Yellow fever
• Measles
• Common cold
• HIV
• Some forms of cancer (HPV)

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Famous People

• Jonas Salk - polio vaccine
• Louis Pasteur - rabies vaccine
• Edward Jenner - small pox vaccine

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Draw picture of virus and label
(DNA or RNA)
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Copy and label picture of a bacteria from
overhead.
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The End