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Background

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Background Biologists have long organized living things into large groups called kingdoms. There are six of them: Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Background


1
Background
  • Biologists have long organized living things into
    large groups called kingdoms.
  • There are six of them
  • Archaebacteria
  • Eubacteria
  • Protista
  • Fungi
  • Plantae
  • Animalia

2
Some recent findings
  • In 1996, scientists decided to split Monera into
    two groups of bacteria
  • Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
  • Because these two groups of bacteria were
    different in many ways scientists created a new
    level of classification called a DOMAIN.
  • Now we have 3 domains
  • Bacteria
  • Archaea
  • Eukarya

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5 common characteristics used for comparison
among living organisms
  • Cell type 2 kingdoms are prokaryotic 4
    kingdoms are eukaryotic
  • Cell wall 4 of the 6 kingdoms have a cell wall
  • Body type unicellular vs. multicellular
  • Nutrition autotrophic vs. heterotrophic
  • Reproduction sexual vs. asexual

7
KingdomArchaebacteria
  • Both kingdoms of bacteria have species that are
    microscopic humans cant see them unless we
    stain them and then look at them under the
    microscope. The pictures you see are magnified
    many times!!

8
The Domain Archaea
  • ancient bacteria
  • Some of the first archaebacteria were discovered
    in Yellowstone National Parks hot springs and
    geysers.

9
Basic Facts
  • They live in extreme environments (like hot
    springs or salty lakes) and normal environments
    (like soil and ocean water).
  • All are unicellular (each individual is only one
    cell).
  • No peptidoglycan in their cell wall.
  • Some have a flagella that aids in their
    locomotion.

10
Some weird things about this kingdom
  • Most dont need oxygen to survive
  • They can produce ATP (energy) from sunlight
  • They can survive enormous temperature extremes
  • They can survive high doses of radiation
    (radioactivity)
  • They can survive under rocks and in ocean floor
    vents deep below the oceans surface
  • They can tolerate huge pressure differences

11
3 Main Types
  • Methanogens
  • Thermoacidophiles
  • Halophiles

12
Methanogens
  • They release methane (CH4) as a waste product
  • Many live in mud at the bottom of lakes and
    swamps because it lacks oxygen
  • Some live in the intestinal tracts of animals to
    help break down food
  • Others like to hang out in the stomach
  • Your intestinal gas is a waste product caused by
    bacteria in the body breaking down the food you
    eatthats why farts dont smell sweet!

13
Significance of methanogens
  • They could play a role in garbage/sewage cleanup
    by having methanogens eat garbage.
  • The methane waste the bacteria produce after
    eating the garbage or sewage could be used as
    fuel to heat homes.
  • Some landfills already employ this methodthe
    only problem is that its expensive.

14
Thermoacidophiles
  • Live in the dark
  • Live without oxygen
  • Like to live in superheated water with
    temperatures reaching 750 deg F
  • Prefer environments that are very acidic (between
    pH of 1-3)
  • Live in a chemical soup of hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
    and other dissolved minerals (rotten egg smell)
  • Thermo temperature
  • Acidophil acid loving

15
The interior layers of the Earth are made up of
many different types of metals (iron, copper).
The black color is caused by a chemical reaction
of the metals with the ocean water. In extreme
temperatures and pressures, this is where some
thermoacidophiles like to live.
Black Smokers
16
Other thermoacidophiles like to live in hot
springs or geysers. Hot springs are pools of hot
water that have moved toward earth's surface.
The source of their heat is the hot magma beneath
and they can reach temperatures as high as 400
degrees Fahrenheit
17
http//www.nps.gov/archive/yell/oldfaithfulcam.htm
Old Faithful erupts more frequently than any of
the other big geysers. Its average interval
between eruptions is about 91 minutes. An
eruption lasts 1 1/2 to 5 minutes, expels 3,700 -
8,400 gallons of boiling water, and reaches
heights of 106 - 184 feet.
18
Halophiles
  • Can live in water with salt concentrations
    exceeding 15
  • The oceans concentration is roughly 4
  • Halo salt
  • phil loving

The Great Salt Lake in Utah
19
The Great Salt Lake in Utah
  • It is interesting to note that the Great Salt
    Lake is actually three to five times saltier than
    the ocean.
  • Every year, members of the salt industry extract
    about 2.5 million tons of sodium chloride (salt,
    NaCl) from the lake.
  • The Great Salt Lake has no fish. The largest
    aquatic critters in the Great Salt Lake are brine
    shrimp.
  • Given that the salty water can be corrosive to
    metal, motorized boats are not very popular at
    Great Salt Lake State Park. Additionally, since
    the salt content of the Great Salt Lake increases
    the waters density, water skiing and jet skiing
    is not very common.

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KingdomEubacteria
  • true bacteria

21
Bacteria vs. Eukarya
Bacteria Eukarya
Internal compartmentalization No nucleus, few organelles Nucleus with many organelles
Cell size Very small microscopic Small still microscopic but 10 to 100 times bigger than bacteria
Number of cells unicellular multicellular
Chromosomes Single, circular DNA strand Many chromosomes made up of DNA
Reproduction Asexually by binary fission Sexually by conjugation Asexually by mitosis and Sexually by meiosis
Flagella Common in most species Seldom seen in species longer and stronger than bacteria
Metabolic diversity Can survive with or without oxygen Require oxygen to survive
22
Bacterial Cell Shapes
  • Bacillus (rod-shaped)
  • Coccus (round-shaped)
  • Spirillum (spiral-shaped)

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Obtaining Energy
  • Most scientists classify bacteria based on how
    they obtain energy
  • Photosynthesizers
  • Chemoautotrophs
  • Heterotrophs

26
Photosynthesizers
  • A significant fraction of the worlds
    photosynthesis is carried out by bacteria
  • Cyanobacteria are blue-green bacteria that
    contain chlorophyll in their cell membrane
  • Cyanobacteria are thought to have made the
    Earths oxygen atmosphere

27
Chemoautotrophs
  • Breakdown chemicals found in the soil they use
    those chemicals for nutrition
  • The bacterias waste products act as fertilizer
    and helps with agriculture
  • A handful of soil can have up to 10 billion
    bacterial organisms

28
Heterotrophs
  • Most types of Eubacteria are heterotrophic
  • Together with fungi, they serve as primary
    decomposers for the environment by releasing
    nutrients back to the soil after living things
    have died.

29
REPRODUCTION
  • Asexual binary fission (single cell splits into
    2 identical new cells)
  • Sexual conjugation trading DNA

30
Pathogenic Bacteria
  • Your body is a treasure chest of wealth just
    waiting to be discovered by bacteria.
  • Bacteria have evolved various ways of entering
    your body and taking what they need in order to
    survive
  • In some cases, the competition for the resources
    in your body can result in you becoming ill.

31
Gram Staining
  • Gram staining is used to identify bacteria with
    extra membranes. These bacteria are more
    resistant to damage (antibiotics).
  • Gram positive stain purple
  • Gram negative stain red
  • (extra membrane made of
    peptidoglycan)

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Bacteria are harmful in two ways
  • 1 - Bacteria can metabolize their host by using
    different parts of the body as their food source.
  • Tuberculosis is a less common bacterial infection
    that attacks the lungs of humans.
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the bacteria that
    uses the lung tissue as a food source.
  • The warm, moist environment allows the bacteria
    to reproduce and populate the lungs.

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  • 2 - Bacteria cause disease by secreting chemical
    compounds called toxins into their environment.
  • Humans are most affected when food is not
    properly prepared. Food poisoning is the common
    name given to people who get severely sick after
    eating something that wasnt cooked well.
  • Most types of toxin bacteria can be killed by
    boiling water and cooking foods at recommended
    temperatures.
  • Kitchen and surface antibacterial products also
    help in ridding our house of these relentless
    pests.

34
Weve talked about why bacteria is BADIs there
anything GOOD about bacteria?
  • Act as decomposers
  • Live within our digestive tract (called
    probiotics)
  • Many foods we eat are processed by bacteria
    (pickles, buttermilk, cheese, sauerkraut, olives,
    vinegar, etc.)
  • Bacteria can be used in mines to breakdown the
    surrounding rock and leave behind the useful
    ore/metal.
  • Used to breakdown chemical/oil spills

35
Antibiotics
  • In 1928, Alexander Fleming noticed a fungus
    growing on a Petri plate that was growing
    bacteria.
  • He saw that the bacteria did not grow near the
    fungus.
  • He concluded that the fungus was secreting a
    substance that killed the bacteria.
  • He later called the secretion penicillin.
  • Penicillin is one of many medicines that help
    fight bacterial infections.

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Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria
  • Problem 1
  • Because bacteria can multiply very quickly, a
    7-10 day course of antibiotics might not kill all
    of the bacteria.
  • The bacteria that remain become resistant and may
    mutate their DNA and reproduce more cells.
  • The new cells are now resistant to the antibiotic
    and make it harder to treat an infection the next
    time around.

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  • Problem 2
  • Another problem in society is related to people
    not taking their prescribed course of pills.
  • Sometimes if people start to see improvement in
    their symptoms they stop taking their medication.
  • This leaves more opportunity for the bacteria not
    yet killed by the antibiotic to reproduce and
    create resistant cells.

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  • Problem 3
  • Do antibacterial soaps really work?
  • Regular, routine use of these types of soaps may
    be doing more harm then good.
  • The bacteria that are commonly found on our skin
    may become resistant to the antibacterial
    chemicals put in the soaps.
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