Armstrong s Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 1 Introduction to

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ArmstrongsAnatomy Physiology

• Chapter 1
• Introduction to Human Anatomy Physiology

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Vocabulary Chapter 1

• append-
• cardi-
• cran-
• dors-
• homeo-
• -logy
• meta-
• pariet-
• pelv-
• peri-
• pleur-
• -stasis
• -tomy
• anatomy
• physiology
• atoms
• molecules
• macromolecules
• cell

receptors set point effectors negative
feedback axial appendicular cranial cavity
vertebral canal thoracic cavity abdominopelvic
cavity viscera diaphragm mediastinum abdominal
cavity pelvic cavity oral cavity nasal cavity
orbital cavities middle ear cavities parietal
visceral pleural membranes pericardial
membranes peritoneal membranes integumentary
system skeletal system muscular system nervous
system endocrine system cardiovascular system
lymphatic system digestive system respiratory
system
urinary system reproductive system anatomical
position superior inferior anterior posterior
medial lateral proximal distal superficial
deep sagittal transverse coronal epigastric
region left hypochondriac region right
hypochondriac region umbilical region left
lumbar region right lumbar region hypogastric
region left iliac region right iliac region
abdominal acromial antebrachial antecubital
axillary brachial buccal carpal
celiac cephalic cervical costal coxal crural
cubital digital dorsal femoral frontal
genital gluteal inguinal lumbar mammary
mental nasal occipital oral orbital otic
palmar patellar pectoral pedal pelvic
perineal plantar popliteal sacral sternal
tarsal
umbilical vertebral cardiology cytology
dermatology endocrinology epidemiology
gastroenterology geriatrics gerontology
gynecology hematology histology immunology
neonatology nephrology neurology obstetrics
oncology ophthalmology orthopedics
otolaryngology pathology pediatrics
pharmacology podiatry psychiatry radiology
toxicology urology
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1.1 - Introduction

• The belief that natural processes were caused by
  forces that could be understood dates back
  about 2,500 years.

An illustration from the 2nd book of De Humani
Corporis Fabrica by Andreas Vesalius, issued in
1543.
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1.2 Anatomy Physiology

• Anatomy
• The branch of science that deals with the
  structure of human body parts
• The anatomy of a body part is closely related to
  its physiology.
• Physiology
• The branch of science that deals with the
  functions of human body parts
• An investigator who conducts an experiment to
  determine how the rate at which the heart beats
  is affected by temperature changes is most likely
  to be a physiologist.

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1.3 Levels of Organization

• Illustration of the idea of increasing levels of
  organization

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1.3 Levels of Organization

• Organelles
• Small parts within cells that carry on specific
  functions
• Cell
• represents the basic unit of structure and
  function of an organism.
• Tissue
• A group of similar cells that are organized into
  a layer or mass
• Organ
• Groups of different tissues that interact to form
  complex structures with specialized functions
• Organ System
• groups of organs that function closely together
• Organism

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1.4 Characteristics of Life
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1.4 Characteristics of Life

• The traits humans share with all other living
  things are called characteristics of life. 
• The ability of an organism to sense changes that
  take place within its body would be an example
  of responsiveness.
• The term growth implies an increase in body
  size without any important changes in shape. 
• Metabolism includes excretion, digestion, and
  respiration.

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1.5 Maintenance of Life

• Requirements of Organisms
• Water
• The most abundant chemical substance in the human
  body
• Food
• Oxygen
• Heat
• Pressure
• The weight of the air produces a force called
  atmospheric pressure
• Water, food, and pressure are required for the
  maintenance of life.
• Reproduction isnt concerned with maintaining the
  life of an adult organism

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1.5 Maintenance of Life

• Homeostasis
• refers to stable internal conditions.
• An example of a homeostatic mechanism would be
  the shivering that occurs as body temperature
  drops

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1.6 Organization of the Human Body

• Body Cavities
• The diaphragm separates the thoracic and the
  abdominopelvic cavities.
• The axial portion of the body includes both the
  dorsal cavity and the ventral cavity.
• The urinary bladder occupies the pelvic cavity. 
• The oral, nasal, orbital, and middle ear cavities
  are located in the dorsal cavity. 

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1.6 Organization of the Human Body

• Body Cavities

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1.6 Organization of the Human Body

• Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Membranes
• The parietal pericardium surrounds the surface of
  the heart.
• The membrane on the surface of a lung is called
  the visceral pleura.
• The visceral pleura is an example of a visceral
  membrane. 

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1.6 Organization of the Human Body
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1.6 Organization of the Human Body

• Organ Systems
• Body covering
• Support and movement
• The muscular system is responsible for body
  movements, maintenance of posture, and production
  of body heat. 
• Integration and coordination
• The organ systems responsible for integration and
  coordination are the nervous and endocrine
  systems. 

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1.6 Organization of the Human Body

• Organ Systems
• Transport
• Absorption and Excretion
• Digestion
• the process by which food substances are
  chemically changed into simpler forms that can be
  absorbed
• The urinary system filters wastes from the blood,
  and helps maintain fluid and electrolyte
  balance. 
• Reproduction

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1.7 Anatomical Terminology

• When a body is in the anatomical position, it
  is standing erect with the face forward.
• Relative Positions
• Superior (above)
• A part that is closer to the head than something
  else is said to be superior.
• 2. Inferior (below)

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1.7 Anatomical Terminology

• Relative Positions
• 3. Anterior (front)
• 4. Posterior (back)
• 5. Medial (imaginary midline)
• 6. Lateral (toward the side)
• The ears are lateral to the eyes.
• 7. Proximal (closer to point of attachment)
• 8. Distal (farther from the point of attachment)
• The fingers are distal to the wrist. 
• 9. Superficial (near surface)
• 10. Deep (more internal)

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1.7 Anatomical Terminology

• Body Sections
• Sagittal
• A section that separates the body into right and
  left portions would be a sagittal section.
• Transverse
• Coronal

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1.7 Anatomical Terminology

• Body Regions
• Epigastric region
• Left hypochondriac region
• Right hypochondriac region
• Umbilical region
• Left lumbar region
• Right lumbar region
• Hypogastric region
• Left iliac region
• Right iliac region

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1.7 Anatomical Terminology
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Additional Information

• Vital signs
• body temperature
• blood pressure
• pulse rate
• CT scanning makes use of X rays. 

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• The End