Chapter 1 Notes

1
Chapter 1 Notes

• The Human Organism

2
Overview of Anatomy and Physiology

• Anatomy
• the scientific discipline that investigates the
  bodys structure. Ex. Anatomy describes the shape
  and size of bones.
• Physiology
• the scientific investigation of the processes or
  functions of living things.

3
Types of Anatomy

• Gross Anatomy- structures examined without a
  microscope.
• Systemic- studied system by system.
• Regional- studied area by area.
• Surface- external form and relation to deeper
  structures as x-ray in anatomic imaging.
• Microscopic Anatomy- structures seen with a
  microscope.
• Cytology cellular anatomy.
• Histology study of tissues.

4
Topics of Physiology

• Reveals dynamic nature of living things.
• Considers operations of specific organ systems.
• Cell physiology- examines processes in cells
• Neurophysiology- focuses on the nervous system
• Pathology
• Exercise Physiology

5
Structural Functional Organizations

• Chemical level
• Atoms
• Molecules
• Cell level
• Tissue level
• Organ level
• Organ system level
• Organism level

6
Terminology and the Body Plan

• Anatomical Position- body erect, face forward,
  feet together and palms face forward
• Other Body Positions
• Supine lying face upward.
• Prone lying face downward.

7
Directional Terms

• Superior- A structure above another.
• Inferior- A structure below another.
• Anterior- The front of the body.
• Posterior- The back of the body.
• Dorsal-Back area.
• Ventral-Stomach area.
• Proximal- Closer to the point of attachment to
  the body than another structure.
• Distal- Farther from the point of attachment to
  the body than another structure.
• Medial- Toward the midline of the body.
• Lateral- Away from the midline of the body.
• Superficial- Toward or on the surface.
• Deep- Away from the surface, internal.

8
Body Terms
9
(No Transcript)
10
Characteristics of life

• Organization- condition in which there are
  specific relationships and functions.
• Metabolism- all chemical reactions of the body.
• Responsiveness- ability to sense changes and
  adjust.
• Growth
• Development- changes over time.
• Differentiation- change from general to specific.
• Morphogenesis- change in shape of tissues,
  organs.
• Reproduction- new cells or organisms.

11
CONCEPT CHECK!

• What is the difference between anatomy and
  physiology?
• -A study of the structures parts of an
  organism
• -P study of the processes functions
• What are the levels of organization of living
  things? Describe them.
• -cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms
• What is metabolism?
• -all the chemical reactions in the body
• What is the difference between growth and
  development?
• -growth increase in height or mass
• -development changes over time (differentiation
  morphogenesis)

12
Body Parts and Regions

• Upper limb- consists of the arm, forearm, wrist,
  hand.
• Lower limb- consists of the thigh, leg, ankle,
  and foot.
• Central region of body- consists of the head,
  neck and trunk.
• Trunk divided into the thorax (chest), abdomen,
  and pelvis.

13
Body Planes

• Sagittal plane- divides the body vertically into
  right left portions
• Midsagittal/Median- divides the body into equal
  right and left halves.
• Parasagittal- runs vertically through the body to
  one side of the midline
• Transverse (Horizontal)- divides the body into
  superior inferior portions.
• Frontal (Coronal)- divides the body into anterior
  and posterior parts.

14
(No Transcript)
15
Body Cavities

• Thoracic Cavity- surrounded by the rib cage
• Mediastinum- contains the heart, thymus gland,
  trachea, esophagus, blood, vessels.
• Diaphragm- large muscle that separates upper
  lower cavities
• Abdominal Cavity
• Contains the stomach, intestines, liver, spleen,
  pancreas, and kidneys.
• Pelvic Cavity
• Contains the urinary bladder, part of the large
  intestines, and the internal reproductive organs.
• Ambdominopelvic- large double cavity below
  breathing muscle

16
Serous Membranes

• Serous membranes- covers the organs lining of
  the trunk cavities.
• Visceral-thin membrane that covers the organs
  within the cavity.
• Parietal- wall of body cavity that covers its
  surface.
• Pericardial cavity- surrounds the heart
• Pleural cavity- surrounds each lung.

17
Systems of the Body

• Systems Studied ?
• Integumentary-consists of skin, hair, nails
  sweat glands
• Skeletal-protects/supports body, produces blood
  cells, stores minerals (bones)
• Muscular-consists of muscles (movement)
• Nervous-consists of brain spinal cord, nerves
  receptors
• Vascular-blood
• Circulatory-consists of the heart and blood
  vessels
• Respiratory-exchanges gases btn the blood air
  regulates blood pH
• Digestive-breaks down food absorbs nutrients
• Reproductive-ability to reproduce new offspring
• Not StudiedBut still important to the body ?
• Endocrine-consists of glands that secrete
  hormones
• Lymphatic-maintains tissue fluid balance
  absorbs fat
• Urinary-removes waste products from the
  circulatory system regulates blood pH

18
Homeostasis

• Values of variables fluctuate around the set
  point to establish a normal range of values.
• Set point- the ideal normal value of a variable.
• What is the set point for body temperature?

19
Negative Feedback

• Most systems of the body are regulated by
  negative-feedback mechanisms that maintain
  homeostasis.
• 3 Components
• Receptor monitors the value of some variable
  (Ex. Blood Pressure)
• Control Center establishes the set point around
  which the variable is maintained
• Effector can change the value of the variable.

20
Negative Feedback
21
Positive Feedback

• When a deviation occurs, response is to make
  deviation greater.
• Leads away from homeostasis.
• Can result in death. ?