Theileriosis

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??? ???? ?????? ?????? University of
Bahri College of Veterinary Medicine
Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine
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Presentation About Theileriosis
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Theileriosis
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• Theileriosis are those tick-borne protozoan
  diseases associated with Theileria spp.
• In Sudan, most cases of Bovine theileriosis are
  caused by Th. annulata (tropical or Mediterranean
  theileriosis) and Th. mutans (benign
  theileriosis), and Th. parva (ECF) may exist in
  Southern Sudan.

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• Theileriosis of sheep and goat are caused by Th.
  hirci (Th. lestoquardi - Malignant ovine
  theileriosis) and Th. ovis (mild theileriosis).
• Equine theileriosis are caused by Th. equi.
• Transmission Stage to stage (Transtadial
  Transmission).

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Vector
Rhipicephalus Spp.
Hyalomma Spp.
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Life Cycle
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6) 10-15 days post-infection, schizont ?
merozoite (invades erythrocyte (RBC))
5) divides with schizont inside ? 2 infected
daughter cells
4) Lymphocyte ? lymphoblast (enlarged lymphocyte)
and
5-8 days post-infection found in lymph nodes
Schizonts increase 10-fold every 3 days
7) In RBC, merozoite ? piroplasm (infect ticks)
3) Sporozoite enters lymphocyte (WBC) ? schizont
2) Sporozoites transfer to ungulate if tick is
attached for 48-72 hrs
1) Sporozoites produced in tick salivary glands
8) RBCs ingested by nymphs during feeding
9) Once in gut, undergoes sexual reproduction ?
motile stage, moves to ticks salivary gland
Incubation Period Experimentally Infected 8-12
days Naturally Infected up to 3 weeks
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• Pathogenesis
• Tick inoculation of sporozoites lymphocytes
  in local lymph node schizonts
  lymphoid proliferation merozoites
  erythrocytes piroplasms ticks.
• Damage mainly by schizonts.

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Clinical Pictures

• Swelling of the draining lymph node, usually the
  parotid.
• Generalized lymphadenopathy.
• Fever 40 41o C

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• Poor condition and severe lymphadenopathy in
  heifer

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• Lacrimation and corneal opacity

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• Dyspnea

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• Diarrhoea

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• Recumbency

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• Death usually within three weeks of infection

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• In case of Equine theileriosis there is fever,
  anaemia, jaundice and haemoglobinuria.

Jaundice in a horses eye
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• Occasional cases of brain involvement occur and
  are characterized by circling, hence 'turning
  sickness' or cerebral theileriosis due to the
  presence of schizont in the cerebral capillaries.

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At necropsy

• Splenic enlargement.
• Severe pulmonary emphysema and edema along with
  hydrothorax and hydropericardium.
• Generalized lymphoid hyperplasia.
• Small lymphoid nodules (the so-called
  pseudo-infarcts) are present in liver, kidney,
  and alimentary track.
• The carcass is emaciated and hemorrhages are
  evident in a variety of tissues and organs.

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Pulmonary emphysema and edema
The Ln. is enlarged and diffusely pale, and
contains numerous petechiae.
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Emaciated Carcass
Kidney, There are multiple petechiae on the
surface of the cortex. The lymph node near the
hilus is markedly enlarged
Hydropericardium
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Diagnosis

• East Coast Fever only occurs where R.
  appendiculatus is present, although occasionally
  outbreaks such areas have been recorded due to
  the introduction of tick-infected cattle from an
  enzootic area.

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• In sick animals, macroschizonts are readily
  detected in biopsy smears of lymph nodes and in
  dead animals in impression smears of lymph nodes
  and spleen.

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• There are two types of schizonts (Kochs Blue
  Bodies)
• Macroschizont one with large chromatin granules
  gives (8-16 macromerozoites).
• Microschizont one with small chromatin granules
  gives (50-120 Micromerozoites) (Sexually
  differentiated) and infect RBCs.

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In the field, diagnosis is usually achieved by
finding Theileria parasites in Giemsa-stained
blood smears and lymph node needle biopsy smears
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Theileria Piroplasmosis
Lymphoblasts containing Theileria parasites
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• The indirect fluorescent antibody test is of
  value in detecting cattle which have recovered
  from ECF.

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Differential diagnosis

1. Heartwater because of pulmonary edema and
   hydrothorax. Examination of brain smears and
   lymph node or spleen impression smears can
   differentiate between the two diseases.
2. Trypanosomiasis because of edema,
   lymphadenopathy, and anemia. Blood and lymph node
   smear examination will normally differentiate
   between the two diseases.
3. Babesiosis and anaplasmosis because of anemia.
   These diseases can easily be differentiated from
   theileriosis on examination of blood smears.
4. Malignant catarrhal fever because of
   lymphadenopathy and corneal opacity. Examination
   of blood and lymph node smears will clearly
   differentiate between the two diseases.

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Treatment

• Tetracyclines have a therapeutic effect if given
  at the time of infection but they are of no value
  in the treatment of clinical cases.

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Parvaquone and Buparvaquone Are Drugs of choice
in treating the clinical cases.
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Control

• Integrated approach involving resistant animal
  breeds.
• Vaccination by infection-and-treatment methods.

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• Strategic application of acaricides.

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Dipping
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Recommended actions if theileriosis is suspected

• Notification of authorities
• Theileria species including Th. annulata have
  been reported in Sudan however, Th. parva, is
  exotic. East Coast fever and diseases caused by
  other exotic Theileria spp. must be reported to
  state or federal authorities immediately upon
  diagnosis or suspicion of the disease.

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References-

• 1) Books
• Roger W. Blowey and A. David Weaver. Color atlas
  of diseases and disorders of cattle, 3rded. PP.
  234.
• O. M. Radostits, C. C. Gay, K. W. Hinchcliff, P.
  D. Constable. VETERINARY MEDICINE A textbook of
  the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and
  goats, 10th ed. PP. 1526 1531.
• G.M.URQUHART, J. ARMOUR, J.L.DUNCAN, A.M.DUNN,
  F.W.JENNINGS Veterinary parasitology. 2nd ed.
  PP. 246 249. Blackwell Science,1996.
• Online references
• http//www.cfsph.iastate.edu/DiseaseInfo/clinical-
  signs-photos.php?nametheileriosis
• http//www.vetnext.com/search.php?saandoeningid
  7328915182020278

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Prepared by Ahmed Abdulkadir Hassan
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