WORLD WAR II

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WORLD WAR II
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LEADERS
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ALLIED LEADERS

• Big Four
• United States- Franklin Roosevelt
• Great Britain- Winston Churchill
• Soviet Union- Joseph Stalin
• China- Chiang Kai-Shek

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AXIS LEADERS

• Germany- Adolf Hitler
• Italy- Benito Mussolini
• Japan- Emperor Hirohito, Hideki Tojo

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STRATEGY

• Germany- European New Order
• Japan- Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
• Allies- Germany first

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EARLY STAGES
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EUROPE

• Sept 1, 1939- Germany invades Poland
• Blitzkrieg- lightning war
• Soviets take Eastern European nations of
  Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Finland
• Phony War- no major attacks for 7 months
• Stay in place at Siegfried Line and Maginot Line

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• Apr. 1940- Germany takes Denmark and Norway
• Helped by Fifth Column
• Churchill succeeds Chamberlain
• May, 1940- Germany takes Low Countries
  (Luxembourg, Netherlands, and Belgium)
• Dunkerque- trapped British troops are rescued

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• June, 1940- Germany invades France
• Sets up Pro-Fascists government under Henri
  Petain (Vichy France)
• Free French are under Charles de Gaulle
• Hitler occupies 6 countries in 3 months

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BATTLE OF BRITAIN

• July 1940- Operation Sea Lion
• London Blitz
• German Air Force (Luftwaffe) under Hermann
  Goering attacks
• British Air Force (RAF) fights back
• Use of radar

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AMERICAN POLICY

• Neutrality laws are gradually replaced
• Cash and Carry- America will sell weapons but
  only for cash and buyers must provide transport
• Bases for Destroyers- Gives ships to Britain in
  exchange for bases in Caribbean
• Lend-Lease- Gives supplies to help Allies to
  fight war on their own

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WAR IN AFRICA

• Aug. 1940- Italian troops push from Ethiopia
• German Afrika Korps under Erwin Rommel (Desert
  Fox) push into Egypt
• Germans and Italians have trouble with Britain
  and Africa

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WAR IN EASTERN EUROPE

• Oct. 1940-Germans invade Romania
• Italians attack Greece
• Greeks fight back
• Romania and Hungary join Axis in Nov., Bulgaria
  joins later
• Yugoslavia joins the Axis, but the people fight
  back (Partisans)

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ELECTION OF 1940

• Dem- FDR
• Rep- Wendell Wilkie
• FDR wins third term
• Four Freedoms- freedom of speech and expression,
  freedom to worship God, freedom from want, and
  freedom from fear

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1941
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GERMAN ADVANCES

• Apr. 1941- Germany attacks Greece, then gives to
  Italians
• June, 1941- Germany attacks Soviet Union
• Operation Barbarossa
• save world from Bolshevism
• Stalin- scorched earth policy

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ATLANTIC CHARTER

• Aug. 1941- Roosevelt and Churchill meet in
  Newfoundland
• Agree to forego territorial expansion
• Agree that countries should be free to choose
  their own form of government
• Agree that there should be freedom of
  international trade

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AMERICAN PUBLIC OPINION

• America is divided into three groups
• Those that hope Allies win, but hope that America
  can stay out of the war
• Isolationists- stay out regardless
• Interventionists- aid Allies
• FDR says that U.S. should be the great arsenal
  of democracy

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BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC

• Germany and Britain try to have naval blockades
• German battleships attack convoys
• German U-boats- Wolf packs
• May 1941- Bismarck, large battleship, finally
  hunted down by British
• Oct. 1941- Reuben James torpedoed
• Allies use radar and sonar

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RELATIONS WITH JAPAN

• 1937- Japan invades China
• U.S. sympathized with China
• 1940- Japan invades Indochina
• U.S. puts embargo on gasoline, iron, steel, and
  rubber
• Froze Japanese assets in America
• Fall of 1941- situation is tense

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PEARL HARBOR

• Japanese Admiral Yamamoto planned attack while
  Sec. of State Cordell Hull negotiated
• Dec. 7, 1941- Japanese attack Pacific Fleet at
  Pearl Harbor and aircraft at Hickam Field
• 360 Japanese planes involved
• U.S. loses 170 planes, 8 battleships, 3
  destroyers, 3 light cruisers, and 4 others

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• Roosevelt addresses a joint session of Congress
  and asks for a declaration of war
• a date which will live in infamy
• Congress declares war on Japan

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PREPARATION FOR WAR

• 1940- Selective Training and Service Act- first
  peacetime draft in U.S. history
• War Production Board- converts industry to
  wartime production
• Raise money by income tax, borrowing (selling war
  bonds), and rationing

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RUSSIAN FRONT

• Russian winter of 1941-42 is very harsh
• Germans begin siege of Stalingrad
• Turning point comes in early 1943 with German loss

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AFRICA

• May 1942, Rommel heads toward Egypt from Tobruk,
  Libya
• July 1942- Battle of El Alamein
• Turning point in North Africa
• British officer Bernard Montgomery takes
  offensive to Tripoli and Tunisia
• Operation Torch is led by Dwight Eisenhower in
  French North Africa

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• May 12, 1943- last Axis surrender in Africa
• Roosevelt and Churchill meet in Casablanca and
  agree on strategy and call for unconditional
  surrender
• Nov. 1943- Cairo Conference- Roosevelt,
  Churchill, and Chiang Kai-Shek meet
• Tehran, Iran- Roosevelt and Churchill meet with
  Stalin for the first time

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ITALY

• July 10, 1943- Allies attack Sicily
• Mussolini loses power and is arrested, but is
  rescued by German paratroopers
• New Italian government signs armistice on Sept. 3
• Allies plan to use Sicily as springboard to
  attack Southern Italy

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• Italy declares war on Germany
• Allies hope Italians will fight Germans
• Most give their weapons to Germans
• Famous landing- Anzio
• June 4, 1944- Rome first Axis capital to fall

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AIR WAR

• German Luftwaffe works with ground forces
  (Wehrmacht) in blitzkrieg
• British Air Force (RAF) does saturation bombing
  at night
• American Air Force does long distance bombing and
  pinpoint bombing by day at high altitude
• Bombing of industries main target

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INVASION OF EUROPE

• Operation Overlord led by Eisenhower
• Attack to be on Normandy coast
• Germans had built Atlantic Wall from Norway to
  Spain
• D-Day is June 6, 1944
• Battle of the Bulge- Dec. 16, 1944
• Last major German offensive

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ELECTION OF 1944

• Dem- FDR
• Rep- Thomas Dewey
• Dem VP- Harry Truman
• Roosevelt wins 4th term

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GERMAN SURRENDER

• Allies attack from France
• Soviets attack from East
• Heinrich Himmler (Gestapo) wants to negotiate a
  peace
• Allies call for German surrender
• Mussolini executed, Hitler commits suicide
• May 8, 1945- VE Day

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YALTA CONFERENCE

• Held in Jan. 1945
• FDR, Churchill, and Stalin meet to discuss
  strategy and post-war plans

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WAR IN PACIFIC

• After bombing Pearl Harbor, Japan bombed Guam,
  Midway, and Wake Island
• Routed an Allied fleet at Battle of Java Sea
• Early 1942- Philippines fall
• Douglas MacArthur has to withdraw
• I shall return
• Bataan Death March

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DOOLITTLE RAID

• After Pearl harbor bombing, Lt. Col. James
  Doolittle leads raid on Japan
• Japan is caught by surprise

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TURNING POINTS

• May, 1942- Battle of the Coral Sea
• Stopped Japanese advance toward the Southeast
• June, 1942- Battle of Midway
• Americans had broken the Japanese code
• Kept Japan from attacking Hawaii

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PACIFIC STRATEGY

• Recapture the Philippines
• Cut lines of communication
• Set up bases for attack against Japan
• Admiral Chester Nimitz- island-hopping

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GUADACANAL

• Aug, 1942- Japanese power at its height
• Allies attack in Solomon Islands
• Bitter fighting- Japanese code of bushido
• Allies win

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BATTLE OF LEYTE GULF

• Largest naval battle in war
• Allies win huge victory
• Opens up the Philippines
• Japanese begin using kamikaze pilots

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TRUMAN BECOMES PRESIDENT

• FDR dies in April, 1945
• Truman takes over
• Has to make decisions concerning final assault on
  Japan

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OPERATION OLYMPIC

• Plans for invasion of Japan
• Iwo Jima
• Okinawa
• Decision on whether to attack Japanese mainland

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MANHATTAN PROJECT

• Plans for atomic bomb
• Los Alamos, NM
• Aug. 6, 1945- Hiroshima
• Aug. 9, 1945- Nagasaki
• Sept. 2, 1945- VJ Day

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RESULTS OF WWII
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• Took more lives and cost more than any other war
• Holocaust
• Refugees
• Superpowers
• Nuclear Age