Apresenta

1
Vitor Afonso Hoeflich Professor at the Federal
University of Paraná Researcher at Embrapa
Forest (National Forest Research Center of the
Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation -
EMBRAPA
Brazilian Forest and Forestry an overwiev
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2
The Federative Republic of Brazil has continental
dimensions. It extends over 8 547 400 km2,
40 degrees of longitude, from the extreme east of
the state of Paraiba on the Atlantic, to the
extreme west of the state of Acre on the border
with Peru, and 39  of latitude,
from the northern tip of the territory of Roraima
bordering Guyana and Venezuela, 515N,
to the southern tip of the state of Rio Grande do
Sul on the Atlantic coast and bordering Uruguay.
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3
Two geographic features dominate the landscape of
Brazil
-- the vast Amazon Basin, which spans the width
of northern Brazil,
-- an extensive highland plateau, known as the
Brazilian Highlands, which covers most of the
south and south-east.
The Amazon Basin contains the world's largest
river and the world's largest tropical rain
forest.
In the south and south-east, the Brazilian
Highlands an eroded plateau dotted with irregular
mountains and crossed by river valleys forms the
major feature of the landscape.
The highlands separate Brazil's inland regions
from a narrow coastal plain that stretches from
Ceará in the north-east to the Uruguayan border
in the south.
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4
The Amazon River and its tributaries is the
largest in the world based on its flow, and the
second longest in the world after the Nile.
The Paraná River drains much of the southern part
of the country and empties into the Río de la
Plata estuary in Argentina.
The principal river of the eastern plateau region
is the São Francisco
Many smaller rivers drain the land sloping to the
Atlantic seaboard.
The climate of Brazil is largely tropical or
subtropical, with temperatures averaging from
26 C with little seasonal variation in the lower
Amazon basin to 16 C in the southern region
(less on the mountains of the south-eastern
Atlantic coast).
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Annual rainfall
varies from 3 000 mm or more in some parts of
the northern region (the Colombian border and the
delta of the Amazon river) to 1 600 mm in
central Brazil to as little as 300 mm in some
parts of the "drought polygon" in the
north-eastern region (in particular the states of
Rio Grande do Norte, Paraiba, Pernambuco, Alagoas
and Sergipe).
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Ecological zones
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Coast System
Caatinga 844.453 km2 (9,92)
Amazon
Caatinga
4.196.943 km2 (49,29)
Cerrado /Savannah 2.036.448 km2 (23,92)
Savannah
Pantanal Swampland 150.355 km2 (1,76)
Mata Atlântica Atlantic Forest 1.110.182 km2
(13,04)
Campos Sulinos Southern fields 176.496 km2
(2,07)
Coast System
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Forest cover - natural woody vegetation
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The humid tropical forests of the Amazon region
-- constitute the largest block of closed forests
in any tropical country. -- they correspond to
humid or very humid climates (rainfall more than
1 500 mm) at lowland to submontane altitudes
(less than about 2 000 meters) and can be
"ombrophilous" or "evergreen", "seasonal" or not.
The number of forest types is large, whatever the
criteria used, whether dryland or alluvial zones
(swamp forests and periodically or permanently
inundated forests).
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In the northeastern zone,
a small proportion of the caatinga appears as
dense forest (classified on the UNESCO/C.I.T.V.
map as "sclerophyllous dominated extremely
xeromorphic forest") among many other open tree
or scrub vegetation types.
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11
The humid evergreen forests of the Atlantic coast
-- the climax zone of which stretches from Natal
(6 S) to parallel 30 S on a 100- to 200-km wide
band, remains only on the ridges and their
total area does not exceed 3 million hectares. In
the south there is a transition zone with
coniferous stands of Araucaria spp. and
Podocarpus spp.
Araucaria
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12
Mangroves
extend along the Atlantic coast from the border
with French Guyana to Florianapolis in the
southern state of Santa Catarina (28 S) where
shrub trees of Laguncularia racemosa
("mangue-branco") can still be found
almost 1.3 million ha of mangrove forest were
identified,
while the UNESCO/C.I.T.V. map indicated for the
whole of Brazil an area approximately equal to
3.6 million ha.
Comparison with other maps, however, show that
mangrove stands do not exceed a total area of 2.5
million ha (forests and scrubs).
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Map of Brazilian Biomas
http//www.jornaldomeioambiente.com.br/JMA-Naturez
aBrasileira/
14
AMAZON
corresponds the 2/5 of the South America and
the half of Brazil
The biggest tropical forest of the Planet, the
South American Amazônia,
15
The Amazon forest surpasses the limits of the
borders of countries, occupying the Orinoco and
Amazonas basins, moving forward from its
tributaries and penetrating to the north in the
countries of Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana.
Amazon
The Amazon forest is in the Mid-north of Brazil
with nearly 5.6 million squarekilometers and it
is one of the main Brazilian biomas. ...
Amazon
16
Caatinga
National Park of the Capivara Hills
The Caatinga is an only ecosystem with occurrence
of rich vegetation in a semi-arid region
17
Amazon
It reaches the Atlantic, going by the delta of
Amazonas, covering again part of the northeast of
Maranhão state with a characteristic vegetation
that will be described below. Accompanying the
rivers, Amazon invades the area of the plateau,
and therefore of savannah to the west it finds
the Andes in the countries of Bolivia, Peru,
Ecuador and Colombia.
Brazilian Amazon
18
Its great vastness reaches Central America (with
forest that has characteristics  different from
that of the Brazilian Amazon) and it can be found
even in the south of Mexico Adding all areas
covered by the forest, we have the incredible
number of 6 million square kilometers.
Brazilian Amazon
Brazilian Amazon 3,5 million of km2 gt50 of
the forest 42 of the Brazilian territory
Brazilian Amazon
19
The geographical position of the Amazon (in the
area of the equator) has resulted in  a 
concentration of solar energy, accompanied by
an almost permanent provisioning of humid air
masses, with absence of cold or dry stations,
and without a very large thermal width.
Brazilian Amazon
Brazilian Amazon
20
These are the characteristics that have
facilitated the appearance of the great green
mass. In the periphery forest area, in the
Brazilian states from Rondônia to Acre exists the
"coldness phenomenon" that consists of a
penetration of the Atlantic air tropical mass in
Amazon in the winter period of the Southern
Hemisphere.  This causes a small temperature
drop.
Brazilian Amazon
Brazilian Amazon
21
Amazon fauna and flora colors and contrast never
fail to impress. There exists a contrast of
colors even in the rivers. The white rivers
transport a great amount of fine sediments, as
clay in solution, at the same time that sand is
moved.
22
Little amount of sediments is taken by the water,
just organic matter in decomposition are found
there, consisting in their largest part of the
leaves' layer and animal remains of the forest
ground. Despite the fact that they carry few
sediments mixed in their waters, they transport
some sand. At times this causes the formation
of banks of sand, in their
23
The igarapé (igara means embarkation dug in the
one tree log, pé means way) in scientific terms
means amazon courses of water of first or second
order.  -- are primary tributaries of small,
medium and big rivers, and their courses are an
access to the forests. -- is used even today as
roads for the local inhabitant -- runs gently
into an almost closed forest tunnel, with palm
trees aligned on its margins, between small
ravines and the immense forest. -- Most have
dark waters because they run inside the forest
their waters have organic matter in suspension
24
With all these characteristics, the Amazon
shelters an enormous variety of animals and
vegetable species that until the current day were
not studied.
The Amazon is a complex ecosystem that gathers an
invaluable wealth of fauna and flora. It can be
used to bring unimaginable benefits to man. But
the immensity hides the fragility of this living
mass.
25
Caatinga is a vegetation type whose location is
mainly the Brazilian northeast, but also occurs
in the north of Minas Gerais State
This area is characterized by a semi-arid
climate with irregular rains. It presents two
seasons not very well defined One hot and dry
and the other hot and wet. It is common during
the dry season to prolong and to provoke calimite
to the population of this place.
Caatinga
26
Savannah (Cerrado) The savannah is located in
the areas of the central plateau, prevailing in
Mato Grosso and Goiás, also happening in Bahia,
in Minas Gerais and São Paulo. It occupies
around 20 of the national territory.
Savannah (Cerrado)
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The climate is diversified, however the tropical
climate prevails with two season very well
defined, one dry and the other humid. Its soil
is sandy, but it is being used with some success
in agriculture, mainly of legumes such as soy in
association with corn.
Savannah
The area  possesses underground sheets of water
that are not very deep.  This facilitates the
extraction of water through artesian wells, which
are used in irrigation
28
The vegetation of the savannah characteristically
possesses trees of medium height (3 to 6m) with
twisted logs and branches, groos peel, coriaceous
leaves, and deep roots (reaching at times the
sheet of water). In agreement with the spacing
between the trees and the height of these,
divisions appear as cerradão ("high savannah",
formation that more resembles a forest), and
cerradinho (similar to a field with some bush).
Savannah
29
Several answers exist for the trees twisted
characteristic for example, the lack of
nutritious soil. But one of the best
explanations is the burns of the growth zone.
Plants have a main growth zone and secondary
zones, that are inactive and only work when the
main zone stops existing.
Savannah
30
With the periodic burns that happen in the
savannah, the main growth zone would be burned
and the secondary zones would be activated and,
begin growing in another direction. The
explanation of fire makes sense, when it is
analyzed that some seeds  only germinate after
they have been burned. This  can be considered
a protection against  fire or when we analyzed
the extremely gross peel, another protection
against fire.
Savannah
31
In the savannah they exit many interesting fauna
including the Giant Anteater (Myrmecophaga
tridactyla), the  maned wolf (Chrysocyon
brachyurus), the Giant armadillo (Priodontes
maximus) and others. The vegetation with its
adaptations is also extremely attractive.
Savannah
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One of the savannah and Pantanal advantages is a
less dense forest character that makes it
easier to see animals more easily than in other
locales of dense forest such as the Atlantic
forest
Savannah
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Araucaria angustifolia Paraná-pine
This ecosystem is located mainly in the South
Region but also occurs in high altitudes of the
Southeast Region.

The climate is  subtropical with relatively
regular rain for the whole year and temperatures
relatively low.
Araucaria angustifolia Paraná-pine
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The araucaria (Araucaria augustifolia) or
Pinheiro-do-Paraná

• This tree can reach up to 50m and produces edible
  seeds.

• It has branches distributed around a central log.

• This area has little flora diversity due to the
  cold climate.  and the araucarias stand out,
  being isolated.

• This facilitates much deforestation  and the
  danger of extinction for this ecosystem.

35
Forests and the forestry sector Brazilian
resources
544 million hectares (64 of its territory) has
some form of forest cover. Brazil has the largest
expanse of tropical forest in the world
412 million hectares The natural forest area
with timber potential (approximately)
-- 124 million hectares are in the public domain
and include national forests, reserves
of indigenous populations, national
parks and other conservation areas.
-- 288 million hectares are under private
ownership
- - 12 million hectares (15 of the total area
with timber potential) are under permanent
conservation (ex river banks or water springs,
as prescribed by the Forest Code).
-- 350 million hectares as an effective
availability of natural forest
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Forest plantations
cover approximately 6 million hectares, which
places Brazil first in Latin America
Eucalyptus 3.540.000 ha (59 )
Pine 2.220.000 ha ( 37 )
other species 240.000ha (3,4)
775 million m3 volume estimated of the forest
plantations
113 million m3 per year the potential
sustainable production
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Forestry Products
30 million m3 of round wood is supplied by The
Amazon region (approximately 85 percent of annual
natural forest production)
Virtually all of this is for the domestic market.
Making Brazil the world's largest consumer of
tropical wood.
Round wood processing is generally inefficient
and actual production equates to only 35 percent
of the harvested volume,
which implies a very high level of waste.
Brazil accounts for 4 percent of the world
tropical wood market.
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Consumption
wood for industrial processing, wood and charcoal
175 million m3 / year consumption of natural
forest round
production of board
2.7 million m3/year (average)
the pulp and paper sector
consumes each year 108 million m3 of wood of
forest plantations, corresponding to some 400 000
ha of plantations.
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external trade, Brazil
-- 2 percent of the global market for pulp and
paper
-- 3.5 percent for plywood,
-- 8 percent for veneer,
-- 2 percent for chipboard.
1,5 of the total traded in the world US 290
billion (wood products) US 45 billion (non wood
products)
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Timber production
Although approximately one-third of the planet's
tropical rainforests are in Brazil's Amazon
region,
which covers more than 300 million hectares
and has an export potential of 15 000 million m3
of timber
Brazil's share of this trade is in fact very
limited as the exportation of roundwood logs
has been banned since 1980.
175 million m3 / year consumption of natural
forest round wood for industrial processing, wood
and charcoal
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Non-wood forest products
such as the Brazil nut, rubber and palm hearts,
are very important and generate significant local
employment and income.
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The evolution of forest plantations
Until 1966
they covered a small surface area and were
geared towards the emerging steel industry and
the railways
from 1967 to 1987
there was a period of fiscal incentives and large
afforestation programmes,
which led to some 4 million hectares being
planted.
This was followed by reduced planting from
1988 when the incentives were withdrawn
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Abraf
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The evolution of forest plantations
reduced planting from 1988 when the incentives
were withdrawn
but this did not prevent the sector from becoming
an important component of the national economy,
with the pulp and paper sector attaining
international importance
and Brazil featuring as the world's leader in
fast-growth, high-yield plantation techniques
progressing from growth rates of 20m3/ha/year
to 40 m3/ha/year.
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BRAZILIAN FOREST SECTOR
FOREST COVER
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The forest industry has had an important economic
and social impact on the country's development
National production of sawn wood posted
cumulative growth of more than 47 percent from
1986 to 1996.
Another important aspect has been the
contribution of conifer wood from plantations,
which increased from 1 million m3 in 1986 to 4
million m3 in 1996.
The largest consumer of sawn wood
-- civil construction (38 percent)
-- the furniture and higher added-value sector
(35 percent).
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PLANTED AREA (2000)
Others 3,4
1,88 million
3,05 million
ABRAF
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BRAZILIAN FOREST SECTOR
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BRAZILIAN MARKET OF ROUND WOOD
In Brazil already the wooden double of
reforestation of that of native forests is
harvested.
Million of m3 cc (2000)
PINUS EUCALYPTUS
TROPICAL TOTAL

SPECIES
T O T A L (m3) 33,1 60,4
53,3 146,8

22,5 41,1 36,4
100
ABRAF
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• Thank you !
• Vitor Afonso Hoeflich