ARCTIC

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ARCTIC
THE ARCTIC
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V
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12.5 kbp
GENERALIZED CHRONOLOGY
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12.5 kbp
GENERALIZED CHRONOLOGY
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I. Paleoarctic tradition

• 12.5 6 kbp
• In Alaska
• Hunting terrestrial mammals
• Wedge-shaped microblade cores, burins

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Onion Portage
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Onion Portage,Kobuk River, AK

• 12 kbp - treeless tundra
• caribou still cross here today
• hunted swimming caribou from kayaks
• butchered on beach

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7 pm tonight, ITC 211(auditorium)
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Caribou Mall

• Food meat, greens from the stomach, and fat.
• Clothing hides for parkas, trousers, boots and
  mittens sinew to sew them.
  
• Shelter hides for tents.
• Tools antler and bone for needles, sleigh
  brakes, fish spears, knife handles, arrowheads,
  hide scrapers, and snow shovels.

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V
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12.5 kbp
GENERALIZED CHRONOLOGY
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II. Arctic Small Tool Tradition

• 4.5 kbp 2.8 kbp
• Alaska to Greenland
• new immigrants out of Siberia
• hunting waterfowl, fox, other small game
• tools weresmall !!!
• lacked dogsleds, snowhouses, oil lamps,
  float-harpoons . yet
  

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Expansion across far north in a few centuries,
4.5-4.0 kbp
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• Technology
• small side and end scrapers
• knife
• finely made microblades
• spalled burins
• side and end blades

2 cm
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tent ring or "mid-passage" house
internal space less structured than in
"mid-passage" tent rings rich vegetation in t
he foreground indicates area used as a midden
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• End of ASTt after 1500 bc to 800 BC
• Climatic deterioration
• Thicker ice restricted range of sea mammal
  hunting
  
• Tree-line 200 kilometers south
• People abandon high arctic

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V
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12.5 kbp
GENERALIZED CHRONOLOGY
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Norton

• 3.0 kbp 1.0 kbp (0.8 kbp in some areas)
• Flaked stone tools similar to preceding Denbigh
  (ASTt)
  
• Add pottery, oil lamps, ivory carvings

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Norton shows

• Continuity with preceding ASTt
• Evolves into Thule tradition
• Influences from Siberia
• meanwhile, in eastern N America

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V
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12.5 kbp
GENERALIZED CHRONOLOGY
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Dorset

• 500 BC 1000 AD
• Canadian arctic Greenland
• Experts at winter sea ice hunting of mammals at
  breathing holes
  
• exquisite miniature carvings, snowhouses, oil
  lamps, kayaks

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DORSET ADAPTATION TO A COOLER CLIMATE
CHALLENGED BY GLOBAL WARMING
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V
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12.5 kbp
GENERALIZED CHRONOLOGY
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Thule

• 1000 AD to present
• Across north from Alaska to Greenland
• Whale hunting in open leads
• Umiaks summer transport, dogsleds winter
  transport
  
• Substantial houses

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Before excavation After excavation
Looking into entrance tunnel
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sakabluniit, referring to stone figures of
spiritual significance
marks an upiguhungniq -- a place where one must
be very respectful
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inuksuk meaning "acting in the capacity of a
human"
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an inunnguaq, an enduring signature on the
landscape
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Tammariikkuti - pointed to both earthly and
spiritual places
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Inunnguaq - points the way to caribou hunting
grounds
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niungvaliruluit - marks sight lines to important
and powerful places
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kibvakattaq inuksuk huge boulders, weighing over
100 kg. When a boy got his first seal, a child
was born, or families gathered for rituals, the
strongest man displayed his power by moving the
stone.
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Tunillarvik - "where one gives here gifts were
left, requesting protection from disasters and
misfortune
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angaku'habvik shamans place of power where
novices receive their angakua, their
"lightening", their enlightenment.
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Mumirvik - where ceremonies took place e.g.
giving thanks for the killing of a whale
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akitsiraqvik - "where one strikes out a place
where trials were held
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tupqujak - where a shaman could pass from the
earthly to the spiritual landscape
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inuksuk quviasunnirmik - "inuksuk expressing joy
and much happiness" found at especially
beautiful camping places
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Origin of Inuksuit
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When I was young,Every day was as a beginningOf
some new thing,And every evening endedWith the
glow of the next day's dawn. Inuit poem collec
ted by Rasmussen during the fifth Thule
expedition, 1921-1924
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Iqaluit, the capital of Nunavut, on Baffin Island
in the eastern Canadian Arctic
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