Towards an Arctic

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Towards an Arctic Regional ocean observation
system A step further from DAMOCLES Developing
Arctic Modelling and Observing Capabilities for
Long-term Environmental Studies Jean-Claude
Gascard and iAOOS Integrated Arctic Ocean
Observing System Bob Dickson Eberhard
Fahrbach Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und
Meeresforschung Bremerhaven- Germany
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Report for AOSB-CLIC By Bob Dickson
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. The integrated Arctic Ocean Observing System
(iAOOS) in relation to ICARP, Damocles, and the
multidecadal SEARCH and ISAC studies of Arctic
change.
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Giving one version ---still incomplete ---of what
the ocean part of an integrated Arctic Ocean
Observing System (iAOOS) for the IPY might have
looked like.
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DAMOCLESDeveloping Arctic Modelling and
Observing Capabilities for Long-term
Environmental Studies Jean-Claude Gascard
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3 ITP (Polarstern) 5 ITP (Fedorov)
7 AITP (Fedorov)
6 POPS
Tara
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Fram Strait
Deployed in 2007 from 'Akademik Fedorov',
'Polarstern' and 'Tara' the Lagrangian-Eulerian
Array 5 POPS - 14 ITP - 8 IMB - 16 CALIB - IABP
- 2 MMP - 1 MOPS
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MET BUOYS

• 16 ice buoys from METOCEAN
• Transport with DC3 from Canada via LYR to Tara
• Buoy calibration in LYR and at Tara
• Deployed on 23/24 April 2007

Buoy dropped from aircraft and descending on
parachute
Twinotter Landing near North Poleand hand
deployment of buoy B13
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MET BUOYS

• 16 ice buoys from METOCEAN
• Transport with DC3 from Canada via LYR to Tara
• Buoy calibration in LYR and at Tara
• Deployed on 23/24 April 2007

Buoy array on 25 April 2007 at 09.51 UTC a few
hours after deployment
Twinotter Landing near North Poleand hand
deployment of buoy B13
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ITPs deployment during RV 'Polarstern' cruise
ARKXXII/2 28 July 7 October 2007

• Seven different types of ice buoy systems were
  deployed on drifting ice floes
• Three Ice Tethered Profiler platforms (ITP)
• One Polar Ocean Profiling System (POPS)
• One Arctic Ocean Flux Buoy (AOFB)
• Ice Tethered Acoustic Current profiler (ITAC)
• Ice Mass Balance Bouys
• Met buoys
• Webcams

Super Buoy Array
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'Super Buoy Array' deployment 13/14.09.2007 around
the Lomonosov ridge between 86º 40' to 87º 24'
N,on the edge between the Amundsen and Makarov
basins
ITAC AWI, Optimare Ocean velocity 20-600m
ITP Damocles T,S 8-800m
AOFB Tim Stanton Turbulence 4-80 m
IMBB IABP Ice, snow,meteorology
Webcam NOAA Visual information
Foto L. Rabenstein Sep 13 2007 at 8634N
13439E
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Pops Polar Observing Profiling System
DAMOCLES

• CTD profiling system
• Features
• ARGO CTD sensor
• profiling from 10 to 1000 meters
• data transmission inductive modem on cable
• data transmission and control through Iridium
  communication modem
• capability of 250 profiles ( TBC )

- 10 m
damper
float
CTD
Rider
Profiling float
damper
- 1000 m
Release
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AITP Acoustic Ice Tether Platform
DAMOCLES
Antenna Iridium / GPS

• Link between sub surface and satellite
• acoustic modem for communication with GLIDER ,
  PROVOR ULS
• RAFOS source 780 Hz
• SOFAR receiver 1560 HZ
• satellite communication through Iridium

Electrical-mechanical cable ( 100 m)
chassis
RAFOS SOFAR
Modem
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PROVOR ULS
DAMOCLES
Vertical upper sounder

• based on MSI Provor float
• Upward looking Sounder , (ALS)
• SOFAR RAFOS, ( Sea-scan )
• acoustic modem( Aquatec)
• 10 Floats for Damocles
• ARGOS , IRIDIUM (TBC)

ULS
antenna
Main body electronic, battery control diving
engine

• Features
• drifting depth 30 to 400 meters
• ULS accuracy target 1 cm
• autonomy 2 years
• RAFOS positionning capability(780 Hz)
• located by SOFAR transmission (1560 Hz)
• high speed acoustic modem
• diameter 20 cm, h 250 cm , approx 60 Kg

780 Hz hydrophone
Oil ballast
1560Hz source
Modem transducer
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Mops Moored Observing Profiling System
DAMOCLES

• CTD profiling system
• Features
• ARGO CTD sensor
• profiling from 10 to 1000 meters on vertical
  mooring
• capability daily profile during one year ( TBC)
• data logger
• fitted with acoustic release mechanism

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ULS and AITP

• ULS and AITP mechanical prototypes
• Integration and software development and
  testing almost done
• Next steps
• Basin test to validate buoyancy and vertical
  stability buoyancy adjustment
• authorization to build and integrate 10 AITP and
  8 ULS float ( December 07)
• at sea trials ( close Guidel ?) end January 1
  ULS and 3 AITP ( if acoustic sources )
• functional validation
• End of march 2008 shipment for 7 AITPs and 4
  ULS floats to "Resolute bay" for deployment
• DEPLOYMENT PATTERN?

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Ensieta Glider
DAMOCLES

• Length 2.50m
•  wet  nose (50 cm)
• and tail (80 cm)
•  dry  body 1.2 m
• Albacore profile
• Wingspan 2m
• GOAL 6 m forward per
• meter down/upward at 20 cm/s

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HUT Glider navigation -Ensieta Glider design
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Baltic sea test (Bothnian sea)?

• Launching OK in high sea state
• Three days of iridium messages received OK,
  without GPS fix
• Problem
• no GPS.
• No contact since 26th
• no time of arrival of acoustic signal received
• Glider is still in Bothnian Sea, but he does not
  tell where he is...

Rauma, Finland Coast Guard boat used for
launching
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FRAM STRAIT MOORINGS WITH ACOUSTIC MODEMS AND
CTD PROFILER
A designed system including three acoustically
linked moorings and the central mooring with PT
and CU was planned for deployment in 2007. In
the second phase the gliders should be able to
collect data from the moorings and to transmit to
satellite. This will serve as a back-up either in
case of loss or failure of the CM or PT, or in
case it can not be provided in time.
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FRAM STRAIT MOORINGS WITH ACOUSTIC MODEMS AND
CTD PROFILER

• System with acoustic data transfer between
  moorings
• 3 moorings in the eastern part of Fram Strait in
  the West Spitsbergen Current deployed with the
  long-range (up to 30km) hydroacoustic modems
  HAM.Node
• the central mooring (CM) equipped with a
  profiling top (PT) including CTD and Iridium
  modem to transmit the data collected from
  moorings was built and will be deployed in
  summer 2008

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FRAM STRAIT MOORINGS WITH ACOUSTIC MODEMS AND
CTD PROFILER

• The system employing acoustic data transfer
  between moorings
• 3 moorings in the eastern part of Fram Strait
  in the West Spitsbergen Current were equipped
  with the long-range (up to 30 km) acoustic
  modems
• the hydro-acoustic modem HAM.Node developed by
  develogic is a highly flexible and effective
  system for digital wireless underwater
  communication
• the additional, independent central mooring
  (CM) will be equipped with a profiling top (PT)
  including CTD and Iridium modem to transmit the
  data from adjacent moorings once per day

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FRAM STRAIT MOORINGS WITH ACOUSTIC MODEMS AND
CTD PROFILER

• hydroacoustic modems for data transfer
  between moorings deployed in September 2007

• CTD profiler with Iridium modem for satellite
  data transmission will be deployed in summer
  2008

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FRESHWATER ARRAY

• 4 moorings across the EGC, with ULS for sea
  ice draft and DCMs for ice drift velocity
• 2 moorings on the East Greenland Shelf for
  freshwater flux
• Due to the extremely heavy ice conditions the
  freshwater arraywasnot exchanged in 2007will be
  recovered in 2008

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And for the Fram Strait branch the new
development is to supplement the picket fence
with a) use of an ocean acoustic tomography
system across the West Spitzbergen Current the
East Greenland Current, b) establishing and
validating a high resolution (2 km) ice ocean
model and c) combining acoustic thermometry,
satellites, sub-surface moorings and coupled
ice-ocean modelling through advanced assimilation
techniques. Lead is NERSC, Norway but includes
major input by FORTH, Crete, Scripps, USA, WHOI,
USA, and Webb Research.
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Field experiment was terminated at 1000 20
October, 2007 due to bad weather, bad weather
forecast and running out of time.
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Seaglider in Fram Strait

• Seaglider in Fram Strait
• deployment in 2007 was prepared but not
  sucessful due to instrument failure
• will be deployed in 2008

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Pressure Inverted Echosounders (PIES)
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NP35 Sept 21, 2007
Rossiya
MI-8
Akademik Fedorov Rossiya MI-8 - NP35 September
2007 Polarstern August-September 2007
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CTD PROFILERS (MMPs)

• one deployed in the Laptev Sea by IOPAS in 2006,
  not exchanged in 2007 due to the 'Yamal'
  canceled cruise
• second deployed in 2006 by met.no north of
  Svalbard, not exchanged in 2007

will be recovered in 2008

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WP 8. 4 Air Logistics - Rene Forsberg, Susanne
Hanson, Danish National Space Center
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• 2007 program
• 2008 program
• Bouys (ITPPOPS)
• from Eureka
• Laser EM flights
• from Alert/ice camp
• - AUV from ice camp
• Laser north of
• Greenland and
• Fram Strait

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WP 8.4 Russian marine research activities in the
Arctic within IPY 2007/2008 Sergey Priamikov,
AARI
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Marine expeditions in the Arctic Ocean during
2007 within the IPY projects (registered at
Eurasian IPY node)?
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Calendar of research activities in the Arctic
Ocean within the IPY projects during 2007
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AARI Ice Camp
Map of AARI Ice Camp drift during June 7 August
22, 2007
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AARI Ice Camp as it was in August, 13-th of 2007
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Drifting station North Pole 35 on the day of
its opening (September 21st, 2007)?
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Fig First salinity distributions from DAMOCLES
drifting ITPs, a) at 10m and b) at 26m. (from
Ursula Schauer, A-W-I)
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Remember? Distribution of the oceanographic
stations over the Arctic Ocean for summer period
(EWG, 1997).
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Achievements and challenges
5. Arctic Ocean remote sensing SSH circulation
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Monthly sea surface height anomalies from Oct
2001 March 2002 derived from satellite radar
altimetry. (Unpublished data kindly provided by
Seymour Laxon, UCL)
Weve had SSH retrievals from radar altimetry for
10 years from Laxons team at CPOMS-UCL but have
had almost no ground truth to control them.
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Ground truth from BPR is now becoming available.
First comparison of SSH inferred from BPG data in
the Beaufort Sea and as measured by ENVISAT RA-2,
showing that retrievals of ocean dynamic
topography at the cm level are now possible even
in the presence of ice.
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Achievements and challenges
6. East Greenland Current south of Denmark Strait
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We know of the impressive f/w flux array that
that Edmond Hansen NPI has maintained in the W
Fram Strait for some time. But if it survives,
Bob Pickarts comprehensive new array of advanced
instruments across the dangerous SE Greenland
shelf and upper Slope in September 2007 2008
will bring a step-change in our understanding of
how (and how much) freshwater reaches the N
Atlantic. (mixed WHOI NSF funding)
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Achievements and challenges
7. Davis Strait throughflow--even in the presence
of ice!
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Ice

• Craig Lees first Glider-based Section Under the
  Ice December 2006
• Fully navigated using RAFOS array.
• Fully autonomous operation- glider decided where
  to go, when to attempt to surface, without human
  intervention.
• Under-ice glider system works, but there have
  also been setbacks associated with platform
  reliability.
• Observations to within a few meters of ice-ocean
  interface, roughly 5 km horizontal resolution.
  Resolved south-flowing, surface-trapped Arctic
  outflow from CAA.

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The ocean has played its part
Extreme change passes through the Arctic-subarctic
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Anomalies of temperature and salinity over the
Scottish Shelf since 1900.
Our longest records from the Faroe-Shetland
Channel confirm that the temperature and salinity
of the Atlantic Water flowing into the Norwegian
Sea has never been greater in 100 years! Bill
Turrell pers comm.
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This warmth can be traced right along the
boundary (Holliday et al 2007). So that at the
other end of the inflow pathway, the ICES
Status Report for 2006 shows that the temperature
on the Russian Kola Section of the Barents Seas
is now also at its 100-year maximum (Holliday
pers comm). The map gives locations of the time
series of SST data (red dots) and approximate
locations of the hydrographic sections shown
(blue stars).
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In his famous series of collages, Igor Polyakov
has traced the spread of the recent warming
along the Eurasian Boundary.
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Temperature at 20m depth on the East Siberia
Slope and shelf in September 2007 (NABOS data
from Igor Polyakov pers com) compared with AMSR-E
SST derived by JAMSTEC for 15 September 2007
(courtesy of Takashi Kikuchi, JAMSTEC).
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1. The denser waters are in the north 2. The
waters that intersect the sill at Denmark Strait
(greenish tone) are those that we have been
discussing in the 200-500m layer N of Fram Strait.
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The density of the source water has decreased in
the north
and the height of the ?? 27.80 surface (the
top of the overflow layer) has decreased too
north of Fram Strait