Geografiske computermedier I: Modelbaserede medier

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Geografiske computermedier - IModel-baserede
medier

• Gennemgang af geografiske medier, der baserer
  sig på 3D-modeller, f.eks. VRML-modeller og 3D
  MUDs
• Primærlitteratur Jensen (2000)

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Geografiske computermedier - IModel-baserede
medier

• Introduktion
• Modelbaserede, geografiske medier
• Jens F. Jensen 3D MUDs/MOOs, beboede
  3D-verdener
• Projektmøde

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Jens F. JensenInteraktion, repræsentation og
udsigelse i beboede 3D virtuelle verdener

• Jens F. Jensen
• lektor ved Institut for Kommunikation, Aaalborg
  Universitet, beboede 3D-verdener
• redaktør af FISK-serien
• deltager i Staging 3D-projektet
• (censor ved DKM)
• FISK 4 Internet, World Wide Web,
  Netværkskommunikation
• Om netmedier, netkulturer, beboede 3D virtuelle
  verdener og meget mere.

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Fra Flatland til Spaceland

• E.A. Abbot Flatland (1884) - fra flatland
  til spaceland
• 3D-verdener foregår i en 2D-repræsenteret
  virtuel 3D-verden
• Bruce Damer
• the Internet is about to become a place for
  people, and it will become the biggest place in
  the world ... cyberspace with a human face The
  best part about these virtual worlds is that when
  you visit them, you are not alone Houndreds or
  even thousands of people are there with you,
  exploring, communicating, and creating. (min
  kursivering)
• a place for people en bestemt stedmæssighed
• cyberspace with a human face avataren som
  menneskelig repræsentation
• exploring, communicating, and creating
  centrale aktiviteter.

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3D Inhabited Virtual Worlds (3D IVW)

• 3D Inhabited Virtual Worlds (3D IVW) som begreb
  i forhold til
• 3D MUD Multi-User Domain/Dimensions, Multi-User
  Dungeons Dragons
• 3D MOO MUD Object Oriented
• Karakteristik
• 3D rumlig verden, der kun eksisterer i cyberspace
• Repræsenteret af/på en 2D-skærm
• indeholder repræsentationer af brugere avatarer
• Avatarer navigable på 3D scenen
• Avatarer med viewpoint (POV)
• Avatar-POV styres relativt til scenen
• Internettet ellers en stak 2D-dokumenter, man
  kan surfe på, 3D IVW en volumen man kan kan
  være i

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3D IVW som specifikt medium

• At 3D IVW som multi-mediesystem eller slet og ret
  medium har udviklet et sæt af tegn, koder og
  konventioner, i.e. et mediesprog En
  mediesemiotisk teori.
• Hvad er semiotik?
• Hvad er tegn, kode og konvention?
• Hvorfor specificitet?
• At denne specificitet sætter rammerne for
  interaktiviteten (bruger/system) og den
  virtuelle interaktion. En sociologisk og
  interaktionsanalytisk teori.
• Internettet ellers en stak 2D-dokumenter, man
  kan surfe på, 3D IVW en volumen man kan kan
  være i

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Jensens analyse af 3D IVW

• Beskrive rum, artefakter/objekter og aktører
  beskrivelse af forskellige former for interaktion
  herimellem. Forhold mellem virtuelt materiale og
  aktualisering heraf Space/place, map/tour
• Beskrivelse og analysere præsentations- og
  henvendelsesmodus tekstmæssig udsigelse
  story/discourse, stedordsbetegnelser 1. Person,
  3. Person osv.
• Beskrivelse af social interaktion og
  kommunikation.

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3D MUDsRepræsentation og entiteter

• Virtual world 3D environment
• koordinatbaseret enhver position kan bestemmes
  med tre koordinator
• geometrisk endeligt
• kontinuerligt navigerbart seamless
• sociale, fysiske oa. regler bundet til miljøet
• verden repræsenterer en bestemt vision/koncept
  bestemmende for miljøets udvikling en egen
  ontologi
• Objects
• Agents
• Avatars
• Bots og andre autonome agenter

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Avatarer, objekter og cyber-hybrider

• Avatar Fremtræden (appearance) og funktionalitet
  (functionality)
• Avatar og objekt
• Cyberhybrider
• Alife/Digital biota
• Karakterer baseret på genetiske algoritmer lærer
  af interaktioner
• Spilkarakterautonome agenter knyttet til en
  spilsammenhæng
• Maskekarakterer en smart avatar
• Virtual humans Stand-ins baseret på simulering i
  udtrykket
• Avatar/Agent skifter mellem bot- og
  avatarfunktion

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Rum/figur-interaktion i IVW

• Interaktion beskrevet med begrebsparret
  virtualitet/aktualitet - konkretiseret med
  begrebsparrene
• Space/place (lieu/espace) hos Michel de Certeau
  Practice of everyday life Menneskelligt
  hverdagsrum (espace, antropologisk rum cf.
  Merleau-Ponty) er praktiseret sted (lieu,
  geometrisk sted)
• Tours and maps To måder at forstå
  interaktionsrum på Observationel versus
  operationel - eller synkron versus diakron Rum
  opfattet via et samlende overblik (som i metriske
  eller i det mindste relationsmæssigt korrekte
  kort) eller via en bestemt praksis, i.e. tur
  først til højre, så til venstre Svarer til
  grundlæggende forskellige kognitive måder at
  forholde sig til rum på. 3D MUDs primært baseret
  på turmodellen.

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Udsigelse i 3D MUDs/3D IVW

• Udsigelsesteori - stammer fra analysen af
  fortællende medier man må skelne mellem oplevet
  historie og diskursive operationer, altså det,
  der får os til at opleve noget som historie,
  f.eks. via en udsigelse. Således begrebsparret
  story/discourse.
• Jensen skelner mellem
• Udsigelsesform Discourse space/story space
• Personkategori jeg, du, han, hun den 1.-2. og
  3. person ental.
• Rum og tid deiktiske markører Her/der, nu

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Interaktion og virtuel interaktion

• Interaktion i sociologien normalt forstået som
  grundlæggende interaktion mellem fysisk
  inter-nærværende mennesker i det sociale at
  enkelt handlinger i det sociale er indbyrdes
  afhængige i sammenhæng.
• Virtuel interaktion forstået som interaktion
  mellem virtuelle repræsentanter og miljø
• Menneskelig aktør
• Avatar
• Bot
• Objekt
• Verden

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Interaktion og virtuel interaktion

• Interaktionsformer
• Human Actor/Avatar Menneskeinteraktion med egen
  avatar
• Human Actor/Object Menneskeomgang med virtuelle
  objekter via avatarer
• User-in-Avatar/user-in avatar interaktion mellem
  mennesker repræsenteret ved avatarer
• User-in-Avatar/Virtual Worlds
• User-in-Avatar/Bot
• User-in-Avatar/Object
• Virtual World/Bot
• Virtual World/Object
• Virtual World/Virtual World

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• Background Basic Questions
• Theory What is geographical representation for
  the lay-man user in web-served visualization in
  computer-mediated communications (CMC)?
• Application How do we strategically make use of
  media and design when applying visualization in
  planning communication and public participation
  in decision making?

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• Geographical media in Web-Served CMC
• Panoramic visualization, e.g. QuickTime VR
• Outdoor live web-cams
• 3D models, e.g. VRML
• Geographical 3D MUDs, e.g. ActiveWorlds
• Animations
• Streaming media
• CAD model viewers, e.g. the VoloViewer
• Still pictures

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• Common Themes Specificity - I
• All media have a strong geographical theme
• All media are thematized by the technique of
  their production, i.e. either photographic or
  digital production (models, photo-manipulation)
• All media are thematized by the technique of
  their presentation hyper-mediation or model
  navigation
• All media are thematized by the technique of
  their distribution, i.e, as web-served media

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• Common Themes Specificity - II
• All media have a strong geographical theme in
  the pictorial presentation as such
• All media have additionally a geographical theme
  associated to the technique of their production
  (i.e., the obvious use of geo-data), their
  presentation (i.e. the use of models or
  hyper-maps), and/or their distribution (e.g. the
  access to a web-server with explicit geographical
  location, the access to live geo-data via a
  web-server, etc.)

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• Common Themes Specificity - I
• All media have a strong geographical theme
• All media are thematized by the technique of
  their production, i.e. either photographic or
  digital production (models, photo-manipulation)
• All media are thematized by the technique of
  their presentation hyper-mediation or model
  navigation
• All media are thematized by the technique of
  their distribution, i.e, as web-served media

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• Common Themes Specificity - II
• All media have a strong geographical theme in
  the pictorial presentation as such
• All media have additionally a geographical theme
  associated to the technique of their production
  (i.e., the obvious use of geo-data), their
  presentation (i.e. the use of models or
  hyper-maps), and/or their distribution (e.g. the
  access to a web-server with explicit geographical
  location, the access to live geo-data via a
  web-server, etc.)

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• The Concept of Grounding
• The concept of ground in C.S Peirces semiotic
  philosophy, i.e., the idea on which a sign
  relation is based
• Grounding visualization discovering the idea
  that founds visualization as a specific sign
  relation
• Cyber-geographic re-grounding of pictorality
  and cartographic space (Johansson 2000a, 2000b)

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• Grounding GIS and CAD?
• The grounding of visualization should capture
  the idea of representation in both GIS and CAD
• GIS represents positively a world of geography
  and corresponds to the world-view of geographers
• CAD may represent the idea of a geography, and
  corresponds in this sense rather to the
  world-view of artists

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• Semiotic Grounding
• To discover in semiotic terms the ideas of
  actual sign relations, i.e. the principles of how
  signification is organized in the world
• C.S. Peirce Three types of sign relations
  iconic in terms of similarity, indexical in terms
  of contiguity or factorality, and symbolic, in
  terms of convention
• Pictorial semiotics Exploring the signs of
  images

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• The Re-Grounding of Pictorality
• Pictorality images as a specific sign relation
  
• The re-grounding of pictorality in new media
  what is an image in the age of digitalization,
  hyper-mediation, etc. (Sonesson 1999, Johansson
  2000c)
• The apologetic re-grounding of the concept of
  iconicity in semiotics and its implication for
  our understanding of the idea of images (eg.
  Sonesson)

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• The Ground of Pictorality
• Pictorality The iconic mediation of a
  primordial life-world, i.e., the set of
  indexicalities that makes out the world of our
  perceptual experience
• Iconic sign relations are asymmetrical and
  hierarchical Images are thus secondary to the
  world
• The image mediates iconically a life-world and
  forms part of a life-world as index, i.e. as
  artefact or as a node in a hyper-mediated
  environment hence the two-dimensionality of
  pictorial representation

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• A Cybergeographic Image?
• An image whose status as both iconic
  representation and indexical object seems to
  double itself along with the techniques of
  production, presentation, and distribution (e.g.
  geo-referenced, hyper-mediated, and web-served
  images).
• The themes of production, presentation, and
  distribution are given as a synchronic system
• An image which assumes the status as node in the
  system of cyber-geography

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• Nodal Pictures on Distinct Levels
• Nodes, incl. nodal pictures may be surfed and
  thus be integrated in a sense of every-day space
  realized by the routine use of the lay-man.
• Following Michel de Certeau we think of space
  as the practice of place, i.e. as the surfing of
  nodes and nodal pictures in a cyber-geographic
  system

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• Cybergeographic Images
• Cyber-geographic images are at the same time
  nodes and representations they lend themselves
  to surfing as nodes on a number of distinct
  levels while constantly escaping the status as
  artifact. In this manner they make possible the
  unfolding of the indexical dimension of
  pictorality and weaken at the same time the
  theoretical importance of a singular life-world
  grounding of pictorality