Title: Sea Power and Maritime Affairs
1Sea Power and Maritime Affairs
- Lesson 17 The Navy in the Early Cold War,
- 1945-1953
2Learning Objectives
- Comprehend the development of new strategies and
weapons systems, in terms of competition for
resources within the DOD and within the Navy., in
the High Cold War. - Massive Retaliation, Rollback, and
Liberation will be defined and their
applicability as strategic slogans will be
assessed by examination of major crisis of the
Eisenhower Presidency. - Comprehend how the threat of limited naval
presence was used to influence international
affairs during the 1950s.
3Learning Objectives
- President Kennedy's Flexible response will be
defined and its applicability as a strategic
slogan will be assessed by examination of the Bay
of Pigs and the Cuban Missile Crisis. - Know the impact of the Cuban Missile Crisis of
1962 on Soviet naval policy.
4NSC 68 Blueprint for Cold War Strategy
- National Security Council Report - April 1950
- Based on the Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, and
George Kennans Containment Strategy. - Threat from Soviet Union
- Leads the global advance of international
communism. - Korean War - National Security Council believes
the perception of the communist threat is
confirmed.
5NSC 68
- NSC 68 We must, by means of a rapid and
sustained build-up of the political, economic,
and military strength of the free world, and by
means of an affirmative program intended to wrest
the initiative from the Soviet Union, confront it
with convincing evidence of the determination and
ability of the free world to frustrate the
Kremlin design of a world dominated by its will.
6Korean WarNavy
- Naval decline reversed.
- Accelerated shipbuilding.
- Personnel strength doubled.
- Reactivation of mothballed World War II ships.
- Development begins on a new generation of ships
- Forrestal-class carriers with jet aircraft.
- Nuclear-powered submarines USS Nautilus.
- Power-projection capabilities of the U.S. Navy.
- Close Air Support
- Interdiction
- Amphibious Operations
- Logistics
- Strategic bombing/massive retaliation theory
disproved.
7USS Nautilus (SSN 571)
- Commissioned September 1954.
- First nuclear-powered submarine.
- First submarine to cruise under the North Pole.
8(No Transcript)
9(No Transcript)
10PresidentDwight D. Eisenhower
- Elected 1952
- Administration increases military funding after
the Korean War.
11Struggle for Funding
- Air Forces Strategic Air Command (SAC) - 1946
- Controls U.S. strategic deterrence mission.
- Navy funding determines nature and mission of
forces. - Naval nuclear capability and strategic mission
developed. - Ensures future funding for naval forces.
- Internal Navy competition for funding.
- Elimination of new weapons except carriers and
submarines. - Small carrier-based nuclear weapons.
- New tactical nuclear mission in addition to
strategic mission. - Single Integrated Operations Plan (SIOP) - 1960.
- Attack plans for strategic bombers, ICBMs, and
SSBNs. - Carriers lose strategic role - maintain tactical
nuclear weapon.
12Regulus Missile
- - Program cancelled by 1964.
13Forrestal-class Attack Carrier (CVA)
14Ballistic Missile Submarines (SSBNs)
- USS George Washington (SSBN-598)
15Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW)
- Soviet submarine threatens U.S. and NATO sea
lines of communication. - Hunter Killer Groups (HUKs) established.
- One older fixed-wing support carrier (CVS) with
aircraft. - Five to six destroyers (DDs)
- U.S. nuclear-powered attack submarines (SSNs).
- Most effective ASW weapons eventually replace
HUKs. - Albacore hulls and improved sonar and
torpedoes. - Long-range land-based maritime patrol aircraft.
- Underwater Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS).
- Passive sonar located at strategic chokepoints.
- GIUK Gap - main chokepoint for Soviet submarines.
16U.S. Naval Presence in the Cold War
- Worldwide U.S. interests.
- Strategy of containment must be backed by threat
of force. - Naval deployments - worldwide.
- Influence international affairs.
- Threat of either limited or unlimited naval
force. - Numbered fleets deployed in different regions.
- Second Fleet Atlantic
- Third Fleet Eastern Pacific
- Sixth Fleet Mediterranean
- Seventh Fleet Western Pacific and Indian Ocean
- Fifth Fleet Arabian Gulf (1995)
17(No Transcript)
18Forward Deployed Forces Containment Strategy
- Navy
- Naples (Gaeta), Italy
- Commander, Sixth Fleet
- Yokosuka, Japan
- Commander, Seventh Fleet
- Subic Bay, Philippines
- Marine Corps
- Okinawa
- Third Marine Division
- Army and Air Force
- Permanent bases established overseas.
- Germany, Japan, and South Korea.
19AdmiralArleigh Burke
- Chief
- of
- Naval Operations
- 1955-1961
20AdmiralHyman G. Rickover
- Father of the Nuclear Navy
- and
- Naval Reactors
- USS Nautilus (SSN 571)
- USS Enterprise (CVAN 65)
- USS Long Beach (CGN 9)
21Indochina
- Former French colony.
- Japanese occupation - WW II.
- 1945 Ho Chi Minh founds Democratic Republic of
Vietnam. - Communist government.
- Reoccupied by French forces.
- 1947 Vietnamese war for independence begins.
- Vietnamese rural population supports Vietminh
communists while French control cities. - France appeals to U.S. for support.
- Truman approves military aid to French forces.
- 1954 Dien Bien Phu - French surrender to
Vietminh. - Eisenhower refuses to aid French with carrier
strikes. - Operation Passage to Freedom
- SEATO established
- Vietnam divided between communist North and
South. - U.S. military advisors to South Vietnam.
22Suez Crisis
- 1956 Egyptian President Nasser nationalizes Suez
Canal. - Britain and France
- Attacks on Egypt with Israel to regain control of
canal. - Soviet Union - aligned with Egypt.
- Hungarian uprising.
- Naval inferiority to U.S. fleet.
- U.S. diplomatic pressure on Britain, France, and
Israel. - U.S. controls sea lines of communication in
Mediterranean. - U.N. cease-fire brokered.
- Soviets begin to increase power in Middle East.
- Eisenhower Doctrine - 1957
- U.S. will defend Middle East from Communist
aggression.
23Lebanon Crisis
- 1957 Soviets launch Sputnik shaking U.S.
confidence - 1958 Lebanese Civil War
- Communists supported by Syria.
- Ally of Soviet Union.
- Amphibious Landing of 6,000 Marines.
- Control of Beirut secured.
- Army and Air Force units unable to react.
- Demonstrated flexibility of U.S. naval forces.
- Sixth Fleet dominates the Mediterranean.
- Soviet Navy unable to influence events.
24The George Washington, launched June 9, 1959, was
the Navy's 1st submarine in Nov. 1960 to deploy
the solid-fuel Polaris missile with one-megaton
warhead
25PolarisSubmarine-LaunchedBallistic
Missiles(SLBMs)
- Strategic Deterrence
- Nuclear Triad
- With strategic bombers and ICBMs.
- Eventually replaced by Poseidon and Trident
missiles on newer submarines.
26First Nuclear powered carrier commissioned (CVAN
65)Enterprise
27JohnFitzgerald Kennedy
- Elected President over Eisenhowers Vice
President Richard Nixon in 1960. - Navy PT boat commander in WW II as a Lieutenant.
28Nikita Khrushchev
- Succeeded Stalin as Soviet premier after his
death in 1953. - Proposed peaceful competition between the
superpowers. - Challenged U.S. to meet Communist challenges in
third world countries.
29The Cold War Heats Up
- The Space Race
- Sputnik First man-made satellite - 1957.
- Yuri Gagarin - First man in space - 1961.
- Kennedy - Apollo Program will land a man on the
moon before the decade is out. - Naval aviators chosen among first astronauts.
- The Missile Gapdebate in 1960 U.S. Presidential
election. - U-2 Incident - 1960
- Francis Gary Powers shot down over Soviet Union.
- Khrushchev's We will bury you! speech at the
United Nations - 1960. - Berlin Wall - 1961
- Kennedy Ich bin ein Berliner. - 1963.
30U-2
31Fidel Castro
- Leader of Cuban Revolution against U.S.-supported
President Batista in 1959. - Establishes Communist government aligned with the
Soviet Union.
32CastroandKhrushchev
33Cuban Missile Crisis
34Cuban Missile CrisisOctober 1962
35Cuban Missile Crisis
- 1961 - Bay of Pigs Invasion
- CIA-trained Cuban rebels landed by U.S. Navy.
- Defeated by Castros communists.
- 1962 Soviet nuclear missiles move to Cuba.
- Located by Air Force U-2 reconnaissance plane.
- Options for President Kennedy
- Air strikes or invasion too risky - may start
war. - Blockade or Quarantine of missiles established
by Navy. - 22 Oct 62- fleet directed to block military
shipments from Cuba. - 24 Oct 62- Soviet Ships reverse course, only one
boarded - Khrushchev agrees to remove missiles.
36Cuban Missile Crisis
- Conventional engagementinvolving small ships
- No attack carriers directly involved, but global
U.S. alert including carriers world-wide - Soviet had no symmetrical, opposing forces
- No fleet action no hostilities
- Khrushchev and Kennedy played crucial roles!
- Soviet naval policy reviewed.
- Need a more balanced Navy of surface, subsurface,
and air forces to challenge U.S. for command of
the seas.
37Discussion
Next time The Navy, Vietnam and Limited
Warfare 1965-1975