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Sea Power and Maritime Affairs

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Sea Power and Maritime Affairs Lesson 9: The U.S. Navy and World War I, 1914-1918 Naval leadership spearheaded by Rear Admiral Bradley Fiske and Captain Wiliam S ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Sea Power and Maritime Affairs


1
Sea Power and Maritime Affairs
  • Lesson 9 The U.S. Navy and World War I, 1914-1918

2
Learning Objectives
  • Know the events leading to the entry of the
    United States into World War I.
  • Comprehend U.S. strategy and diplomacy in World
    War I.
  • Comprehend the effect of the events of World War
    I on Mahanian theory.

3
Major Allied Powers
  • US (beginning in 1917)
  • Great Britain
  • Russia
  • France
  • Italy (partially)
  • Japan (Pacific)
  • Major Central Powers
  • Germany
  • Austria-Hungary
  • Turkey

4
Entangling Alliances
  • Triple Entente (Allied Powers)
  • Great Britain, Russian Empire, France
  • Plus Italy (1915-16)
  • U.S. (1917)
  • Japan (Pacific)
  • Triple Alliance (Central Powers)
  • German, Austro-Hungarian, and Ottoman (Turk)
    Empires
  • Plus Bulgaria
  • Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated June
    1914.
  • Bosnia part of Austro-Hungarian Empire.
  • Serbia - Russia Defense Pact.

5
Naval Confrontation
  • British Royal Navy
  • Home Fleet
  • Grand Fleet
  • German Imperial Navy
  • High Seas Fleet

6
British Royal Navy
  • First Lord of the Admiralty
  • Similar to U.S. Secretary of the Navy.
  • Winston Churchill
  • First Sea Lord
  • Similar to todays U.S. Chief of Naval
    Operations.
  • Admiral Sir John Fisher
  • Grand Fleet
  • Admiral Sir John Jellicoe

7
Strategic Goals of Grand Fleet
  • Sea-lift of British Army to France.
  • Distant blockade of Germany.
  • Avoid German mines and torpedo boats near the
    coast.
  • Scapa Flow - Main Grand Fleet base in the Orkney
    Islands.
  • Goal Destroy High Seas Fleet in a large
    engagement.

8
Winston Churchill
  • First Lord
  • of the
  • Admiralty
  • 1914-1915

9
German Imperial Navy
  • High Seas Fleet
  • Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz
  • Numerically inferior to the British Grand Fleet.
  • North Sea defenses
  • Mines.
  • U-boats (unterseeboots) - submarines.
  • Not used for commerce raiding early in war.
  • Goal
  • Defeat portions of the Grand Fleet in small
    engagements.
  • Fleet in Being
  • Threatens Allied operations by its presence in
    port.
  • Ineffective commerce raiding by German cruisers.

10
Major Naval and Maritime Events
  • February 1915- Germany announces unrestricted
    submarine warfare
  • May 1915- Sinking of Lusitania
  • 1915- ANZAC landing at Gallipoli
  • March 1916 Sussex pledge
  • Battle of Jutland

11
Gallipoli Campaign - 1915
  • German-led Ottoman Turk Fleet
  • Closes Dardanelles - Entrance to the Black Sea.
  • Allied line of communication with Russia is cut.
  • Winston Churchill
  • Advocate of amphibious assault on Gallipoli
    Peninsula.
  • Objective Constantinople.
  • Admiral Sir John Fisher
  • First Sea Lord resigns in protest.
  • Dardanelles
  • Mines in sea lanes.
  • Guns emplaced on shore covering the straits
    manned by the Ottoman Turk Army.

12
GallipoliCampaign1915
  • - Winston Churchill proposes opening supply
    route to Russia through the Black Sea.

13
18 March 1915 Naval Action
14
Allied RetreatfromGallipoliNovember-December
1915
15
Failure of Allied Assault
  • ANZAC Army Corps
  • Mustafa Kemal commands Turk counter-attack.
  • Lessons learned in defeat
  • Unity of command.
  • Control of local waters.
  • Element of surprise.
  • Rehearsal.
  • Beach reconnaissance.
  • Shore bombardment.
  • Specialized landing craft.
  • Ship-to-shore movement.
  • Aggressive exploitation of the beachhead.
  • Commitment of reserves.
  • Winston Churchill resigns in failure.

16
Battle of Dogger Bank- 1915
17
(No Transcript)
18
Battle of Jutland
19
Battle of Jutland
  • Greatest naval battle to date
  • Minor strategic importance
  • Tactical lesson
  • Speed and long-range gunfire outstripped the
    commanders means of observation and control of
    own forces
  • Only fleet action of war
  • Seemed to fit Mahanian prescription
  • British unhappy not Nelsonian Annihilation
  • Admiral Nimitz says it was the battle most
    studied by NWC in interwar years (1919-1939)

20
Admiral Sir John Jellicoe
Battle of Jutland
21
Battle of Jutland 31 May - 1 June 1916
  • High Seas Fleet sorties to attack merchant
    shipping to Norway.
  • Jellicoe intercepts in the North Sea with Grand
    Fleet.
  • Battle cruisers used for scouting.
  • Jellicoes Grand Fleet Crosses the T of the
    High Seas Fleet.
  • High Seas Fleet maneuvers back to port at night.

22
Battle of Jutland 31 May - 1 June 1916
  • Largest naval battle to date ends in a tactical
    draw.
  • Only large fleet action of the war.
  • Last great battle between battleship fleets.
  • Jellicoe fails to win a victory.
  • Afraid of stern chase over mines/submarines.
  • Turned away from torpedoes.
  • Would not risk fighting at night.
  • Minor strategic importance to the outcome of the
    war.
  • Tactical lesson Speed and long-range gunfire
    outstripped the commander's means of observation
    and control of forces.

23
Battle of Jutland
24
HMS Invincible
British Battle Cruiser sunk at Jutland

25
HMS Indefatigable
British Battle Cruiser sunk at Jutland
26
Course of the War - 1916
  • Ground war in France continued stalemate.
  • German U-boats continue commerce raiding.
  • Very effective, especially in Mediterranean Sea.
  • February 1916 - Resume Unrestricted Submarine
    Warfare.
  • Sussex sunk March 1916 - Wilson protests again.
  • Tirpitz relieved of duty.
  • Kaiser Wilhelm imposes restrictions on U-boat
    attacks again.
  • British raids on German coast.
  • New German High Seas Fleet commander
  • Vice Admiral Reinhard Scheer
  • Commences raids on British coast.

27
Unterseeboots
28
U-boats
29
Commerce Raiding
  • German U-boats threaten to cut off all maritime
    supply of Great Britain.

30
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
31
U.S. Enters World War I
  • Germany announces Unrestricted Submarine Warfare.
    (February 1915)
  • Lusitania (May 1915)
  • Sussex (March 1916)
  • Germany resumes Unrestricted Submarine Warfare.
    (January 1917)
  • Calculated risk
  • U.S. unable to affect war for at least one year.
  • Need to cut off British food supplies.
  • U.S. declares war. (April 1917)
  • U.S. Navy - First rate power, BUT
  • Unprepared for anti-submarine warfare.
  • Planned for fleet engagement in Caribbean Sea.

32
Backing Up
  • US Naval strategy in World War I period of
    Neutrality (August 1914-1917)
  • Woodrow Wilson The United States will remain
  • neutral in thought and deed.
  • Favorable balance of payments for U.S. with
    Europe.
  • Desire to trade with Allied and Central Powers.

33
U.S. in World War I
  • Naval matters enter American consciousness.
  • Wilson converts to pro-Navy viewpoint.
  • Forty-eight capital ships planned for U.S. Navy
    by 1920.
  • Naval Construction act of 1916
  • Impact of Jutland
  • Assistant Secretary of the Navy
  • Franklin Delano Roosevelt
  • Experiences will influence World War II policies
  • Causes for U.S. entrance on side of Allies.
  • Shift in European balance of power.
  • Unrestricted Submarine Warfare.
  • Cultural and economic ties to Allied nations.
  • Wilson sees chance for peace in outcome

34
A word on Bureaucracy
  • Naval leadership wants Naval General Staff
  • Rear Admiral Bradley Fiske, Captain William S.
    Sims
  • SECNAV Josephs Daniels
  • Fiske-Hobson measure, Act of Congress 3 March
    1915 creates CNO
  • Captain William S. Benson

35
Course of the War - 1917
  • U.S. Navy Plans
  • Atlantic (defeat the submarine)
  • Troop Transport
  • Reduce Emphasis on battle ships
  • Submarine chasers
  • Merchant Ships
  • Mine laying
  • Integrated into convoy system.
  • 20-25 merchants and 6-8 destroyers.
  • Change from hunt-and-kill patrols to a convoy
    system.
  • Rear Admiral William Sowden Sims, USN - convoy
    proponent.
  • Admiral Sir John Jellicoe
  • Appointed First Sea Lord, Chief of Naval Staff.
  • Convoys proved to be more effective in countering
    U-boats.

36
End of the War
  • Bolshevik Revolution in Russia - October 1917
  • Peace with Germany causes Eastern Front to
    disappear.
  • French Field Marshal Ferdinand Foch
  • Supreme Allied Commander (including U.S. forces).
  • German offensive repulsed at Second Battle of the
    Marne.
  • Major General John A. Lejeune, USMC assumes
    command of the Second U.S. Army Division - 1918.
  • First time a Marine officer commands an Army
    Division..
  • German Army defeated - morale becomes very low.
  • German sailors become mutinous.
  • 11 November 1918 - war ends on Armistice Day.
  • Now celebrated as Veterans Day in the U.S.

37
Battle of Belleau Wood June 1918
  • Teufelhunde -- Devil Dogs

Retreat, hell. We just got here. Captain Lloyd
Williams, USMC
38
(No Transcript)
39
USS Belleau Wood (LHA 3)
40
New Weapons of Naval Warfare
  • Submarines
  • Germany lost 187 U-boats, however
  • Sank 5,234 merchant ships.
  • Sank 10 battleships, 20 destroyers, and 9
    submarines.
  • Allied Neutral Ships Lost 1914-18
  • 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918
  • 3 396 964 2,439 1,035
  • Aviation
  • Anti-submarine warfare.
  • Early attempts at power projection
  • Strikes on German naval bases.
  • Did not practice anti-surface warfare.

41
Effect of World War I on Mahanian Theory
  • Support in two areas
  • Commercial antagonism and rivalry cause war.
  • Faith in the battle fleet for command of the sea.
  • Unrestricted Submarine Warfare's implications
    ignored.
  • Commerce raiding can affect the course of the
    war.
  • Importance of convoy system to protect against
    submarine attacks.

42
Discussion
Next time US Naval Strategy and National Policy,
1919-1941
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