Sea Power and Maritime Affairs

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Sea Power and Maritime Affairs

• Lesson 4 The United States Navy, 1815-1860
• Power projection and technological revolution

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Learning Objectives

• Comprehend the effectiveness of the U.S. Navy as
  an instrument of diplomacy.
• Know the state of naval technology and its
  evolution during this period.
• Know U.S. naval policy as a reflection of the
  period of 1815-1860.
• Comprehend the Wilkes and M. C. Perry expeditions
  and assess their importance to U.S maritime
  interests.
• Comprehend the lessons of the Mexican and Crimean
  Wars.

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Period of Expansion

• Monroe Doctrine -- 1823
• No European colonization or intervention in the
  Americas.
• Manifest Destiny
• Our manifest destiny is to overspread the
  continent allotted by Providence for the free
  development of our yearly multiplying millions.
• John L. O'Sullivan, 1845

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Anglo-American Friendship

• Monroe Doctrine sprung from British interest to
  prevent Holy Alliance (Prussia, Russia, Austria)
  from grabbing Spanish colonies
• Began to see eye-to-eye with erstwhile Mother
  Country
• Love, peace, and harmonykind of

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Continuing Problems with Barbary States
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Barbary Wrap-Up

• Algerian Dey up to old tricks
• Madison sends Decatur back to Med after Treaty of
  Ghent
• MFN - Sets standard for US maritime pacts in 19th
  century
• The Golden Age of Gunboat Diplomacy

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Monroes Gunboat Diplomacy

• Increase in Size
• Anglo-American Cooperation
• Monroe Doctrine (1823)
• Squadron Deployment
• From periodic scourge to worldwide policeman

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Board of Commissioners

• Secretary of Navy William Jones overwhelmed with
  paperwork during War of 1812
• Asked Congress to establish three officer
  advisory board
• Congress does so in 1815
• John Rodgers
• Isaac Hull
• David Porter

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Naval Warfighting Doctrine

• Primary mission of the Navy Gunboat
  Diplomacy.
• Protect U. S. commercial interests overseas -
  Showing the flag.
• Overall Doctrine
• Focus on Commerce Raiding - Guerre de Course.
• Command of the sea -- de-emphasized.
• Coastal defense - Army forts constructed at
  entrances to ports.

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Initial Squadrons (1826)

• Mediterranean
• West India
• Brazilian
• Pacific
• East India (1835)

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Permanent U.S. Navy Squadrons
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Permanent Squadrons

• Home Squadron
• Atlantic coast.
• Mediterranean Squadron
• Barbary states tribute demands.
• West Indies Squadron
• David Porter battles Caribbean and Gulf Coast
  piracy.
• Brazil Squadron
• Enforcement of the Monroe Doctrine.
• African Squadron
• Enforcement of ban on the slave trade (Enacted in
  1807).
• Pacific Squadron
• Chile and Peru, later Hawaii - protection of
  whaling fleets.
• East Indies Squadron
• Protect expanding U.S. trade in Asia.

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West Indies Squadron

• Spanish degenerates to outright piracy
• Monroe turns to Navy
• 1821 Adams-Onis Treaty
• WI Squadron cleans out Caribbean
• Based in Key West
• James Biddle, David Porter
• 1841 Absorbed into Home Squadron

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Pacific Squadron

• Isaac Hull
• Anglo-American relations
• Dolphin to Hawaii
• Peacock to Honolulu
• MFN

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President Andrew Jackson
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Jacksons Naval Diplomacy

• ...standing armies dangerous to free governments
  in time of peace.
• Enough ships to protect commerce
• But Bellicose in action

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Sumatra

• Natives in Qualla Battoo raided American merchant
  Friendship
• Potomac captained by John Downes
• Amphibious landing in Qualla Battoo
• slaughter
• Jackson publicly praises

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The Falkland Islands

• Argentine governor Louis Vernet
• Prosecutes illegal seal poacher Harriet
• Lexington, Captain Silas Duncan in Montevideo
• Raids the Falklands
• Buenos Aries cuts of diplomatic ties with US
• President entirely approves of Duncans conduct

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Turkish-American Treaty- 1830

• Most Favored Nation status
• Opened Black Sea to American merchantmen
• Confirmed principle of extra-territoriality
• Guaranteed human treatment of shipwrecked sailors
• Set standard for 19th century American diplomacy
  outside of Europe

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1837- Handoff to Martin Van Buren

• 21 ships
• Five Squadrons
• All operating away from the Atlantic Coast
• Anglo-American friendship
• Van Buren not interested in Navy
• Depression 1837
• Secretary of Navy James K. Paulding kind of a dud

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A word on Science and Technology...
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Industrial Revolution

• Affects naval technology.
• Propulsion Sail to Steam
• Armor Wood to Iron
• Weapons Solid Shot to Shell

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Steam Power

• James Watt -- Steam Engine advances made in
  1770s.
• Robert Fulton - Steam-driven paddle wheelers.
  
• Clermont - 1807 First practical steamship.
• Demologos (Fulton) - 1814 First steam
  warship.
• Engines and paddles take gun space and are
  vulnerable to attack.
• M. F. Maury, Robert Stockton and M.C. Perry
• Leading naval advocates for steam power.
• Fulton II - 1837 -- Commanded by M.C. Perry.
• Mississippi and Missouri - 1842.
• Princeton - 1842-43 Screw propeller warship.
• Stockton brings John Ericcson from Europe to
  design.
• All machinery below decks.
• Merrimack - class fast screw frigates - 1850s.
• European navies also develop steam power and
  screws.

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Robert Fulton
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USS Mississippi
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USS Princeton, 1842-43
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USS Mississippi

• Battle of Vera Cruz
• M.C. Perrys Flagship

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Wilkes Expedition 1838-1842

• Lieutenant Charles Wilkes
• Six-ship squadron.
• Gathers scientific knowledge.
• Charted much of the Pacific Ocean, Antarctica,
  and North American West Coast.
• Recognized growing importance of the Pacific.
• Increasing trade with Asia.

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The Wilkes Expedition August 1838 - July 1842
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MatthewFontaineMaury

• Pathfinder of the Seas
• Father of Naval Oceanography
• Studies of weather and currents allow preparation
  of detailed navigation charts.

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Back to the action...

• Manifest Destiny
• The Mexican-American War
• The Ante-Bellum period

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Tippecanoe and

• Abel P. Upshur SECNAV under President Tyler
• Tyler Doctrine No one colonizes Hawaii
• Bureau System
• Continued Naval Increase
• Guerre de Course

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The Bureau System

• Secretary of the Navy Upshur -- 1841-42
• Proponent of expansion, modernization, and
  reform.
• Five bureaus established to replace the Board
  of Commissioners in 1842.
• Bureau of Navy Yards and Docks
• Bureau of Ordnance and Hydrography
• Bureau of Construction, Equipment, and Repair
• Bureau of Medicine and Surgery
• Bureau of Provisions and Clothing

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We have tried every effort at reconciliation
But now, after reiterated menaces, Mexico has
passed the boundary of the United States (Rio
Grande), has invaded our territory and shed
American blood upon American soil. The two
nations are at war.
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Mexican-American War 1846-48

• Republic of Texas
• Independent from Mexico 1836.
• Annexed by United States 1845.
• Southern border in dispute with Mexico.
• General Zachary Taylor
• Operations against Mexican Army in Texas - 1846.
• Picking a fight
• 25 April 1846 clash on the border

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Gulf of Mexico - 1847

• SECNAV George Bancroft
• Home Squadron
• David Connor
• Blockade, bombardment, amphibious assault
• Where is the guerre de course?
• We are the stronger power!
• Kept to our guns
• Free ships make free goods
• Legal blockades...pretty boring

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Gulf of Mexico - 1847

• U.S. Navy establishes command of the sea.
• Blockade and capture of Mexican ports.
• Marines used as a garrison force.
• Combined Army-Navy operations at Vera Cruz.
• Commodore M.C. Perry takes command of Home
  Squadron
• Amphibious landing including Marines.
• General Winfield Scott marches to Mexico City.
• Accompanied by a regiment of Marines.
• Marines in the Battle of Chapultepec.
• The Halls of Montezuma

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Battle of Vera Cruz
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Pacific Squadron

• Initially under Commodore John Sloat.
• Monterey and San Francisco captured by joint
  American forces - Army, Navy, and Marine Corps.
• Commodore Robert Stockton - Los Angeles.
• California and Oregon occupied by the end of the
  war.

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Battle of Monterey
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Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo - 1848

• Rio Grande established as Texas-Mexico border.
• Western United States ceded from Mexico.
• Mexico kept Baja (lower) California

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Crimean Peninsula
The Crimean War 1853-56
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Crimean War 1854-56

• Russian invasion of Ottoman Empire in Europe.
• Battle of Sinop
• Russian fleet annihilates Turkish fleet by use of
  shell fire.
• Proves wooden-hulled ships are obsolete -- unable
  to withstand explosive shell fire.
• Great Britain and France allied with Ottoman
  Turks.
• Sevastopol Campaign
• Sailing ships inadequate compared to steam ships
  for maneuver.
• Importance of proper planning and coordination of
  amphibious assaults.
• Kinburn
• Ironclad armor on French ships used for
  protection.

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Secretary of Navy James C. Dobbin

• Hagan godfather of modern American Sea Power
• Modernized fleet in order to maintain our proper
  and elevated rank among the great powers of the
  world.

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U.S. Navy Expedition to Japan - 1854

• Acquisition of California and Oregon - 1848.
• U.S. is now a power in the Pacific Ocean.
• Japan
• Island nation closed to foreign influence.
• Commodore M.C. Perry
• U.S. Navy squadron to Japan - 1853.
• Returns to Tokyo Bay - 1854.
• Treaty of Kanagawa - 1854
• Protection of American seamen.
• Two ports opened to American shipping.

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USS Susquehanna - Commodore Perrys Flagship
during mission to Japan.
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Armor

• Korean Turtle Ships
• Japanese-Korean War 1592-1598
• Iron deck on galleys provided protection from
  boarding and projectiles.
• French ironclad frigate Gloire - 1859.
• 36 guns in broadside.
• 5,600-tons displacement.
• Wooden hull with iron armor plating.
• British ironclad battleship Warrior - 1860.
• 40 guns in broadside.
• 9,000-tons displacement.
• Iron hull with iron armor plating.
• First modern warship -- sometimes referred to
  as first battleship.

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HMS Warrior

• Portsmouth, England
• First Modern Warship

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Ordnance

• USS Princeton ordnance demonstration - 1844.
• Ericcsons Oregon and Stocktons Peacemaker.
• Peacemaker improperly reinforced.
• Explosion kills six, including the Secretary of
  War and the Secretary of the Navy.
• U.S. naval ordnance development suspended.
• John Dahlgren -- Father of Modern Naval
  Ordnance
• Dahlgren Gun - 1850s.
• Nine inch shell gun.
• Mounted on Merrimac - class frigates.
• Bore is smooth - still inaccurate at longer
  ranges.
• Experiments with rifled cannon begin.

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John Dahlgren

• Father
• of
• Modern Naval
• Ordnance

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The Peacemaker
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Conclusion 1815-1860

• Period of U.S. territorial and commercial
  expansion.
• Navy grows after War of 1812.
• Supports American trade overseas.
• Relative peace throughout period.
• U.S. -- defensive and isolationist policy for
  Europe.
• Popular support of Navy slowly declines.
• Experiments with new naval technologies.

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Next time The Civil War, 1861-1865