Sea Power and Maritime Affairs

1
Sea Power and Maritime Affairs

• Lesson 23 Terrorism

2
Terrorism Is Theatre

• As stated by Brian Jenkins - terrorism expert -
  terrorist acts are often deliberately
  spectacular, designed to rattle and influence a
  wide audience, beyond the victims of the violence
  itself.

3
Learning Objectives

• Know the threat posed by possible terrorism in
  todays society.
  
• Know the modern historical perspective of
  terrorism and terrorist acts.
  
• Recall and explain the objectives of terrorist
  groups, tactics employed, and factors that
  influence terrorists.
  
• List the general methods of responding to
  terrorist activities in an international and
  domestic setting.

4
Terrorism or Acts of War

• One mans terrorist is another mans freedom
  fighter.

5
Definitions of Terrorism

• Premeditated, politically motivated violence
  perpetrated against noncombatant targets by sub
  national groups or clandestine state agents,
  usually to influence an audience
• The unlawful use or threatened use of force or
  violence against individuals or property to
  coerce or intimidate governments or societies,
  often to achieve political, religious, or
  ideological objectives
• Violence and the threat of violence exercised for
  political effect

6
Definitions

• Antiterrorism Defensive measures used to reduce
  the vulnerability of individuals and property to
  terrorism (proactive)
  
• Counter-terrorism Offensive measures taken to
  prevent, deter, and respond to terrorism
  (reactive)
  
• International terrorism Terrorism involving
  citizens or territory of more than one country

7
Nationalist Terrorism

• Seek to form a separate state for their own
  national group, often by drawing attention to a
  fight for national liberation that they think
  the world has ignored.

• Example groups include Irish Republican Army,
  Palestine Liberation Organization, Basque
  Fatherland and Liberty, and Kurdistan Workers
  Party

8
Religious Terrorism

• Seek to use violence to further what they see as
  divinely commanded purposes, often targeting
  broad categories of foes in an attempt to bring
  about sweeping changes.

• Examples include Osama bin Ladens al-Queda
  network, Palestinian Sunni Muslim organization
  Hamas, Lebanese Shiite group Hezbollah, and some
  American white-supermacist militias

9
State-Sponsored Terrorism

• Deliberately used by radical states as foreign
  policy tools.
  
• State Department says Iran is the primary state
  sponsor of terrorism today.

• Examples include Hezbollah backed by Iran, Abu
  Nibal Organization backed by Iraq, Japanese Red
  Army that often work on contracts for Libya

10
Left-Wing Terrorism

• Out to destroy capitalism and replace it with a
  communist or socialist regime.

• Examples include Baader-Meinhof Group (Germany),
  Japanese Red Army (Lebanon), The Weathermen
  (America 1970s), and Red Brigades (Italy)

11
Right-Wing Terrorism

• Seek to do away with liberal democratic
  governments and create fascist states in their
  place.

• Examples include neo-Nazi or Neofascist terrorist
  groups.

12
Anarchist Terrorism

• Revolutionaries seek to overthrow established
  governments launched a wave of bombing and
  assassinated a series of heads of state.
  
• Leon Czolgosz, anarchist who assassinated
  President William McKinley in 1901.

13
Domestic Terrorism

• Involves groups or individuals who are based and
  operate entirely within the United States or its
  territories without foreign direction and whose
  acts are directed at elements of the U.S.
  Government or population.

• Examples include Timothy McVeigh (right-wing),
  The World Church of the Creator (right-wing),
  Aryan Nations (right-wing), Popular Puerto Rican
  Army (left-wing), and Los Macheteros (left-wing).

14
Special Interest Terrorism

• Involves extremist special interest groups who
  seek to influence special issues, rather than
  effect widespread political change.

• Examples include Eric Robert Rudolph, Army of
  God, extremists of animal rights, pro-life,
  environmental, and anti-nuclear groups.

15
Three Categories of Motivation

• Rational
• Psychological
• Cultural

16
Suicide Terrorism
17
(No Transcript)
18
Terrorist Objectives

• Recognition
• Coercion
• Intimidation
• Provocation
• Insurgency support

19
Recognition

• Gain recognition for the organization, which will
  assist them in
  
• Gaining national or international recognition for
  their cause
  
• Recruiting new personnel
• Raising funds
• Demonstrating their strength

20
Coercion

• Force a desired behavior of an individual or
  government

21
Intimidation

• Prevent individuals, groups, or governments from
  acting

22
Provocation

• Provoking overreaction by a government to the
  attack on symbolic targets or personnel, thereby
  gaining sympathy for their cause.

23
Insurgency Support

• Forcing the government to overextend itself in
  dealing with the threat, thereby allowing the
  insurgency to gain support and commit further
  attacks against the government.

24
Tactics

• The terrorist act is generally a symbolic gesture
  against a group or national government. Tactics
  include
  
• armed attacks
• arson
• assassination
• bombing
• hijacking
• hostage-taking
• kidnapping, etc.

25
Profile

• Profile varies from region to region, but
  focusing on one region the following denominators
  can be developed
  
• Upper/lower class
• Male/female
• Black/white/Asian/Latino
• Educated/illiterate
• American/Japanese/Arab, etc.

26
Factors that influence terrorism

• Media
• Communications
• Potential for super-violence

27
The Historical Perspective Selected terrorist
acts (1970-present)

• 1972 Black September takes Israeli athletes
  hostage from the Olympic games in Munich and
  executes them.
  
• 1976 Raid on Entebbe
• 1979 RAF assassination attempt against General
  Alexander Haig, SACEUR.
  
• 1979 Iranian hostage crisis. 52 civilians and
  military personnel kept hostage for 444 days.
  
• 1981 General Dozier captured by Red Brigade
  rescued 43 days later in Italy.
  
• 1982 Los Macheteros machine gun four U.S.
  sailors in Puerto Rico.
  
• 1983 Islamic Jihad suicide truck against U.S.
  Embassy. 63 persons killed, more than 100
  injured in Beirut.
  
• 1983 FMLN kills LCDR Schaufelberger, military
  advisor, and USN Seal in San Salvador.

28
The Historical Perspective, cont...

• 1984 IRA failed attempt to assassinate Prime
  Minister Margaret Thatcher.
  
• 1985 RAF car bomb at Rhein-Main Air Base,
  Frankfurt, West Germany.
  
• 1985 Hizballah terrorist beat and murder USN
  Petty Officer Robert Stetham during hijacking of
  TWA Flight 847.
  
• 1985 FMLN machine-gun four Marines and 12
  civilians outside popular American restaurant
  in San Salvador.
  
• 1985 Abu Nidal Organization simultaneously
  attacks Rome and Vienna airports, opening fire
  against ticket counters, and kills 16 people.
  
• 1986 Three killed and 200 injured in bombing of
  American disco in Berlin. This attack led to
  Libyan air strike.

29
Marine Barracks Beirut, Lebanon23 October 1983

• 241 Dead
• 105 Injured

30
The Historical Perspective, cont...

• 1987 NPA murders three USAF personnel outside
  Clark Air Base, Philippines.
  
• 1988 Guardians of the Islamic Revolution bring
  down Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland.
  270 total killed.
  
• 1989 NPA kills Colonel Rowe as he drives to
  work.
  
• 1993 Bombing of the World Trade Center, New
  York City, with 6 killed and over 1,000 injured.
  
• 1995 Oklahoma City. Explosion at Alfred P.
  Murrah Federal building kills 168 and injures
  hundreds. Timothy McVeigh eventually convicted
  and sentenced to lethal injection on 11 June
  2001.

31
Khobar Towers - Dhahran, Saudi Arabia 25 June
1996

• 19 Dead
• 240 Injured

32

American Embassy Bombings in Kenya and Tanza
nia,
Aug 1998

33
American Embassy Bombings in Kenya and Tanzania
34
USS Cole 12 Oct 2000Aden, Yemen
17 Dead 39 Injured
35

• Terrorist War Declared
• US v. Usama bin Laden (UBL)
• ALL Americans are Targets

36
Responses to Terrorism

• Is defeating terrorism possible? Probably not
  politically motivated violence is as deeply
  ingrained in history as war. The focus of
  counter- measures should not be to defeat
  terrorism, but rather to reduce the threat.

37
New non-conventional warfare has evolved

• Due to weaker powers trying to overcome a
  stronger opponent, the following has been used
  
• Guerre de course/ commerce raiding
• Mine Warfare
• Submarine Warfare
• Guerilla Warfare
• Terrorism

38
COUNTERMEASURES

• Concerns
• Limitation of resources
• Implications on foreign policy
• May jeopardize relations with key allies or
  neutral parties.
  
• Escalate tensions with adversaries.
• Potential measures
• Increase physical security at home and abroad.

39
COUNTERMEASURES, cont

• Continue to emphasize intelligence gathering and
  analyses in an effort to identify and disarm
  active terrorist groups.
  
• Take economic sanctions against state sponsors of
  terrorism
  
• Issuance of verbal statements of condemnation and
  threats
  
• Diplomatic and legal means

40
International Response

• United Nations Security Council
• United Nations General Assembly
• International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
• International Maritime Organization (IMO)

41
U.S. Response

• Firm opposition to terrorism in all its forms and
  locations. Policy Includes
  
• No concessions to terrorists No ransom, release
  of prisoners, or change in policies. The U.S.
  will make every effort to obtain the release of
  hostages without making concessions.
• Working with other nations to ensure state
  sponsors of terrorism pay a price for their
  actions. This includes applying economic,
  political, diplomatic, and military pressure.
• Imposing rule of law against terrorists
  Identification, tracking, apprehension,
  prosecution and punishment.

42
Lead U.S. Agencies

• Federal Bureau of Investigation
• Department of State
• Federal Aviation Administration
• The Department of Homeland Security

43
Supporting Agencies

• Department of Defense
• Central Intelligence Agency
• Drug Enforcement Agency
• Department of Energy
• Department of the Treasury

44
Military Agencies

• Naval Organizations
• Naval Security Force
• The Fleet Antiterrorism Security Team
• NCIS law enforcement and physical security
  assistance teams
  
• Naval Security Coordination Team
• Navys Antiterrorist Alert Center (NAVATAC)

45
The terrorist threat to todays military personnel

• Peacekeeping
• Military advisors
• Normal security/ attaché roles
• Defense of real property U.S. assets
• Extraction of U.S. nationals
• Support of friendly governments

46
Personal actions to decrease terrorist threat

• Be alert. Be aware of the local threat read
  newspapers, look for surveillance, be suspicious
  of parcels or letters that look out of place.
  
• Be unpredictable. Vary routines and habits.
• Keep a low profile. Be wary of U.S. clubs
  overseas. Avoid crowds, demonstrations, and
  riots. Blend in to the local community. Dont
  wear distinctly American clothes.
• Understand the Code of Conduct. Survive with
  honor.

47
If taken hostage

• Keep faith.
• Resist exploitation.
• Maintain military bearing.
• Protect classified information.
• Organize via a chain-of-command. If senior, take
  charge and lead by example.
  
• Have a cover story and stick to it.
• Realize that the mind is the greatest threat
  (head games, etc.)
  
• Everyone has a breaking point. The key is to see
  when it is coming to avoid psychological collapse.

48
Learning Objectives

• Know the threat posed by possible terrorism in
  todays society.
  
• Know the modern historical perspective of
  terrorism and terrorist acts.
  
• Recall and explain the objectives of terrorist
  groups, tactics employed, and factors that
  influence terrorists.
  
• List the general methods of responding to
  terrorist activities in an international and
  domestic setting.