ENGLAND

1
ENGLAND
2
Maintenance

• History
• Etymology and usage
• Government and politics
• Geography
• Economics
• Culture
• Cuisine
• Sport
• Language
• Religion
• Education
• Transport
• National
• symbols

3
History

• Bones and flint tools found in Norfolk and
  Suffolk show that
• Homo erectus lived in what is now England about
  700,000 years
• ago. At this time, Great Britain was joined to
  mainland Europe by
• a large land bridge. The current position of the
  English Channel
• was a large river flowing westwards and fed by
  tributaries that
• would later become the Thames and the Seine. This
  area was
• greatly depopulated during the period of the last
  major ice age,
• as were other regions of the British Isles. In
  the subsequent
• recolonisation, after the thawing of the ice,
  genetic research
• shows that present-day England was the last area
  of the British
• Isles to be repopulated, about 13,000 years ago.
  The migrants
• arriving during this period contrast with the
  other of the
• inhabitants of the British Isles, coming across
  lands from the
• south east of Europe, whereas earlier arriving
  inhabitants came
• north along a coastal route from Iberia. These
  migrants would
• later adopt the Celtic culture that came to
  dominate much of
• western Europe.

• Stonehenge, a Neolithic and
• Bronze Age megalithic monument in
• Wiltshire, thought to have been erected
• c.20002500 BC.

4
Etymology and usage

• England is named after the Angles, the largest of
  the Germanic tribes
• who settled in England in the 5th and 6th
• centuries, and who are believed to have
  originated in the
• peninsula of Angeln, in what is now Denmark and
  northern
• Germany. (The further etymology of this tribe's
  name remains
• uncertain, although a popular theory holds that
  it need be
• sought no further than the word angle itself, and
  refers to a
• fish-hook-shaped region of Holstein.)
• The Angles' name has had various spellings. The
  earliest
• known reference to these people is under the
  Latinised version
• Anglii used by Tacitus in chapter 40 of his
  Germania, written
• around 98 AD. He gives no precise indication of
  their
• geographical position within Germania, but states
  that, with
• six other tribes, they worshipped a goddess named
  Nerthus,
• whose sanctuary was situated on "an island in the
  Ocean".

5
Government and politics

• There has not been a Government of England since
  1707, when the Acts of Union 1707,
• putting into effect the terms of the Treaty of
  Union that had been agreed the previous year,
• joined the Kingdom of England with the Kingdom of
  Scotland to form the united Kingdom of
• Great Britain. Prior to this, England was ruled
  by a monarch and the Parliament of England.
• However, following the establishment of devolved
  government for Scotland and Wales in
• 1999, England was left as the only country within
  the United Kingdom still governed in
• matters by the UK government and the UK
  parliament in London.
• Since Westminster is the UK parliament but also
  legislates on matters that affect England
• alone, devolution of national matters to
  parliament/assemblies in Scotland, Wales, and
• Northern Ireland has refocused attention on the
  anomaly called the West Lothian question.
• The "question" is why Scottish and Welsh MPs
  should continue to be able to vote on
• legislation relating only to England while
  English MPs have no equivalent right to legislate
  on
• devolved matters. This constitutional arrangement
  resulted in the Labour government only
• winning a 2004 vote to impose higher tuition fees
  on students in England due to the support
• of Scottish Labours MPs. This "question" is also
  exacerbated by the large number of
• Scottish MPs in the government, a group sometimes
  disparagingly called the Scottish mafia,
• and by having a Prime Minister, Gordon Brown, who
  represents a Scottish constituency that
• is unaffected by the policy decisions he takes.

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• There are calls for a devolved English
  parliament, such as by former
• minister Frank Field MP, and there is opinion
  poll evidence of public
• support for the idea. Some minor English parties
  go further, calling for
• the dissolution of the Union. However, the
  approach favoured by the
• current Labour government was (on the basis that
  England is too large
• to be governed as a single sub-state entity) to
  propose the devolution
• of power to the Regions of England. Lord Falconer
  claimed a devolved
• English parliament would dwarf the rest of the
  United Kingdom. The
• Conservative Party, on the other hand, are
  considering proposals to
• ban Scottish MPs from voting on English only
  legislation in
• Westminster.
• Today, therefore, England's affairs are managed
  by a combination of
• the UK government, the UK parliament, and
  England-specific quangos
• such as English Heritage.

7
Politics

• The Palace of Westminster, the seat of the
  Parliament of the United Kingdom.

A total of 529 of the current 646 MPs in the
House of Commons represent English
constituencies, which will rise to 533 out of 650
at the next general election. At the 2005 General
Election, the Conservative Party won more votes
than any other single party, with 35.7 of the
vote. However, Labour won a majority of England's
MPs, having 284 MPs elected, on the basis of just
35.4 of the popular vote with the Conservative
Party winning just 194 MPs. The Liberal Democrats
were the third party winning 47 MPs with 22.5 of
the vote, and the only other MPs elected were one
for Respect and a Kidderminster Hospital
campaigner.
8
Subdivisions and local government

• The upper-tier subdivisions of England are the
  nine Regions of England or
• European Union government office regions. A
  London
• referendum in 1998 on the question of having a
  directly elected
• assembly and directly elected mayor produced a
  large majority in
• favour and it was intended that other regions
  would also be given
• their own elected regional assemblies. However, a
  rejection by a
• referendum in 2004 of a proposed assembly in the
  North East region
• stopped this idea in its tracks. During the
  campaign, a common
• criticism of the proposals was that England did
  not need "another tier
• of bureaucracy".
• Below the regional level, London consists of 32
  London boroughs and the rest
• of England has either county councils and
  district councils or unitary
• authorities. At the lowest level, much of England
  is divided into parishes
• though parishes are prohibited from existing in
  Greater London.

Manchester Town Hall
9
Geography

• England comprises the central and southern
  two-thirds of the island of Great
• Britain, plus offshore islands of which the
  largest is the Isle of Wight. It is
• bordered to the north by Scotland and to the west
  by Wales. It is closer to
• continental Europe than any other part of
  mainland Britain, divided from
• France only by a 24-statute mile (52 km or 21
  nautical mile)sea gap. The
• Channel Tunnel, near Folkestone, directly links
  England to mainland
• Europe. The English/French border is halfway
  along the tunnel.
• Much of England consists of rolling hills, but it
  is generally more mountainous in
• the north with a chain of low mountains, the
  Pennines, dividing east and
• west. Other hilly areas in the north and Midlands
  are the Lake District, the
• North York Moors, and the Peak District. The
  approximate dividing line
• between terrain types is often indicated by the
  Tees-Exe line. To the south
• of that line, there are larger areas of flatter
  land, including East Anglia and the
• Fens, although hilly areas include the Cotswolds,
  the Chilterns, and the
• North and South Downs.
• The largest natural harbour in England is at
  Poole, on the south-central coast.
• Some regard it as the second largest harbour in
  the world, after Sydney,
• Australia, although this fact is disputed (see
  harbours for a list of other large
• natural harbours).

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A view of Borrowdale from Grayrigg Forest in the
Lake District
11
Climate
The rolling terrain of the North York Moors

• England has a temperate climate, with plentiful
  rainfall all year
• round, although the seasons are quite variable in
• temperature. However, temperatures rarely fall
  below -5 C
• (23 F) or rise above 30 C (86 F). The
  prevailing wind is
• from the south-west, bringing mild and wet
  weather to
• England regularly from the Atlantic Ocean. It is
  driest in the
• east and warmest in the south, which is closest
  to the
• European mainland. Snowfall can occur in winter
  and early
• spring, although it is not that common away from
  high
• ground.
• The highest temperature recorded in England is
  38.5 C
• (101.3 F) on 10 August 2003 at Brogdale, near
  Faversham,
• in Kent. The lowest temperature recorded in
  England is -26.1 C
• (-15.0 F) on 10 January 1982 at Edgmond, near
  Newport, in
• Shropshire.

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Major rivers
The River Avon under the Pulteney Bridge in Bath,
Somerset
England has a number of important rivers
including the Severn (the longest river and
largest river basin in Great Britain), Tees,
Thames, Trent, Humber, Tyne, Wear, Ribble, Ouse,
Mersey, Dee, Aire, Avon and Medway
Major conurbations
A view of Sheffield, one of England's largest
cities

• London is by far the largest urban area in
  England and one of the largest and
• busiest cities in the world. Other cities, mainly
  in central and northern England,
• are of substantial size and influence. The list
  of England's largest cities or
• urban areas is open to debate because, although
  the normal meaning of city is "a
• continuously built-up urban area", this can be
  hard to define, particularly because
• administrative areas in England often do not
  correspond with the limits of urban
• development, and many towns and cities have, over
  the centuries, grown to form
• complex urban agglomerations. Various definitions
  of cities can be used. For the official
• definition of a UK (and therefore English) city,
  see City status in the United Kingdom.

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• CapitalLondon
• Official languages English
• Ethnic groups 
• 90 White, 5.3 South Asian,
• 2.7 Black, 1.6 Mixed race,
• 0.7 Chinese, 0.6 Other
• GovernmentConstitutional
• monarchy
• MonarchQueen Elizabeth II  
• Prime MinisterGordon Brown MP
• Area130,395 km2
• Population 51,092,000 

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Economics

• England's economy is the among the largest in in
  the world. It
• follows the Anglo-Saxon economic model. England's
  economy
• is the largest of the four economies of the
  United Kingdom,
• with 100 of Europe's 500 largest corporations
  based in
• London.As part of the United Kingdom, England is
  a major
• centre of world economics. One of the world's
  most highly
• industrialised countries, England is a leader in
  the chemical
• and pharmaceutical sectors and in key technical
  industries,
• particularly aerospace, the arms industry and the
• manufacturing side of the software industry.
• London exports mainly manufactured goods and
  imports
• materials such as petroleum, tea, wool, raw
  sugar, timber,
• butter, metals, and meat.55 England exported
  more than
• 30,000 tons of beef last year, worth around
  75,000,000, with
• France, Italy, Greece, the Netherlands, Belgium
  and Spain
• being the largest importers of beef from England.

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The City of London is a major business and
commercial centre, ranking alongside New York
City and Tokyo as the leading centre of global
finance.
16
Culture

• England has a vast and influential culture that
  encompasses elements both old
• and new. The modern culture of England is
  sometimes difficult to identify and
• separate clearly from the culture of the wider
  United Kingdom, so intertwined
• are its composite nations. However the English
  traditional and historic culture
• remains distinct albeit with substantial regional
  differences.
• English Heritage is a governmental body with a
  broad remit of managing the
• historic sites, artefacts and environments of
  England. London's British Museum,
• British Library and National Gallery contain the
  finest collections in the world.
• The English have played a significant role in the
  development of the arts and
• sciences. Many of the most important figures in
  the history of modern western
• scientific and philosophical thought were either
  born in, or at one time or other
• resided in, England. Major English thinkers of
  international significance include
• scientists such as Sir Isaac Newton, Francis
  Bacon, Michael Faraday, Charles
• Darwin and New Zealand-born Ernest Rutherford,
  philosophers such as John
• Locke, John Stuart Mill, Herbert Spencer,
  Bertrand Russell and Thomas Hobbes, and
• economists such as David Ricardo, and John
  Maynard Keynes. Karl Marx wrote most of
• his important works, including Das Kapital, while
  in exile in Manchester, and the team
• that developed the first atomic bomb began their
  work in England, under the wartime
• codename Tube Alloys.

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The British Museum, London.
18
Architecture
The Broadway Tower is a folly, or mock tower in
Worcestershire

• England has played a significant part in the
  advancement of
• Western architecture. It is home to the most
  notable medieval
• castles and forts in the world, including Warwick
  Castle, the
• Tower of London and Windsor Castle (the largest
  inhabited
• castle in the world and the oldest in continuous
  occupation). It
• is known for its numerous grand country houses,
  and for its
• many medieval and later churches and cathedrals.
• English architects have contributed to many
  styles over the
• centuries, including Tudor architecture, English
  Baroque, the
• Georgian style and Victorian movements such as
  Gothic
• Revival. Among the best-known contemporary
  English
• architects are Norman Foster and Richard Rogers.

19
Cuisine
Sunday roast consisting of roast beef, roast
potatoes, vegetables and Yorkshire pudding

• Although highly regarded in the Middle Ages,
  English cuisine
• later became a source of fun among Britain's
  French and
• European neighbours, being viewed until the late
  20th century
• as crude and unsophisticated by comparison with
  continental
• tastes. However, with the influx of non-European
  immigrants
• (particularly those of south and east Asian
  origins) from the
• 1950s onwards, the English diet was transformed.
  Indian and
• Chinese cuisine in particular were absorbed into
  British
• culinary life, with restaurants and takeaways
  appearing in
• almost every town in Britain, and 'going for an
  Indian
• becoming a regular part of British social life. A
  distinct hybrid
• food style composed of dishes of Asian origin,
  but adapted to
• British tastes, emerged and was subsequently
  exported to
• other parts of the world. Many of the well-known
  Indian
• dishes in the western world, such as Tikka Masala
  and Balti,
• are in fact dishes of this sort.

20
Sport
England's new Wembley Stadium. It is the most
expensive stadium ever built.
The Wimbledon Championships, a Grand Slam
tournament, is held in Wimbledon, London every
June/July.

• Modern sports were codified in
• England during the 19th century,
• among them cricket, rugby union and
• rugby league, football, tennis and
• badminton. Of these, association
• football, cricket and rugby remain the
• country's most popular spectator
• sports.

21
Language
English

• Places in the world
• where English is
• spoken. Countries
• where it is the
• majority language
• are dark blue
• countries where it is
• an official but not
• majority language
• are light blue.

22

• As its name suggests, the English language,
• today spoken by hundreds of millions of
• people around the world, originated as the
• language of England, where it remains the
• principal tongue today (although not officially
• designated as such). An Indo-European language in
• the Anglo-Frisian branch of the Germanic family,
  it
• is closely related to Scots and the Frisian
• languages. As the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms merged
• into England, "Old English" emerged some of its
• literature and poetry has survived.

23
Other languages

• There is no UK legislation in respect of language
  use within
• England, but English is the only language used in
  England for
• general official business. The only non-Anglic
  native spoken
• language in England is the Cornish language, a
  Celtic
• language spoken in Cornwall, which became extinct
  in the
• 19th century but has been revived and is spoken
  in various
• degrees of fluency, currently by about 2,000
  people. This has
• no official status (unlike Welsh) and is not
  required for official
• use, but is nonetheless supported by national and
  local
• government under the European Charter for
  Regional or
• Minority Languages. Cornwall County Council has
  produced a
• draft strategy to develop these plans. There is,
  however, no
• programme as yet for public bodies to actively
  promote the
• language. Scots is spoken by some adjacent to the
  Anglo
• Scottish Border, and there are over 100,000 Welsh
• speakers in London and areas such as Oswestry on
  the Welsh
• border

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Beowulf is one of the oldest surviving epic poems
in what is identifiable as a form of the English
language.

• Other languages have also traditionally
• been spoken by minority populations
• in England, including Romany. The use
• of Yiddish by the Jewish population has
• dwindled, although an increasing
• number are able to speak Hebrew.

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Religion

• Due to immigration in the past decades, there is
  an
• enormous diversity of religious belief in
  England, as
• well as a growing percentage that have no
  religious
• affiliation. Levels of attendance in various
• denominations have begun to decline. England is
• classed largely as a secular country even
  allowing
• for the following affiliation percentages
• Christianity 71.6, Islam 3.1, Hindu 1.1,
• Sikh 0.7, Jewish 0.5, and Buddhist 0.3, No
• religion 14.6. The EU Eurobarometer poll of
• 2005 shows that only 38 of people in the UK
• believe in a god, while 40 believe in "some sort
  of
• spirit or life force" and 20 do not believe in
  either.

26
Christianity
Canterbury Cathedral in Kent, the centre of the
Church of England and the worldwide Anglican
Communion.

• Christianity reached England through missionaries
  from Scotland and
• from Continental Europe the era of St. Augustine
  (the first
• Archbishop of Canterbury) and the Celtic
  Christian missionaries in
• the north (notably St. Aidan and St. Cuthbert).
  The Synod of Whitby
• in 664 ultimately led to the English Church being
  fully part of Roman
• Catholicism. Early English Christian documents
  surviving from this
• time include the 7th century illuminated
  Lindisfarne Gospels and the
• historical accounts written by the Venerable
  Bede. England has many
• early cathedrals, most notably York Minster
  (1080), Durham Cathedral (1093)
• and Salisbury Cathedral (1220), In 1536, the
  Church was split from Rome
• over the issue of the divorce of King Henry VIII
  from Catherine of Aragon.
• The split led to the emergence of a separate
  ecclesiastical authority, and later
• the influence of the Reformation, resulting in
  the Church of England and
• Anglicanism.

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Education

• There is a long history of the promotion of
  education in England in schools, colleges and
• universities. England is home to the oldest
  existing schools in the English speaking
• world The King's School, Canterbury and The
  King's School, Rochester, believed to be
• founded in the 6th and 7th century respectively.
  At least eight existing schools in
• England were founded in the first millennium.
  Sherborne School was granted a royal
• charter in 1550, but may have been the site of a
  school since the 8th century. Most of
• these ancient institutions are now fee-paying
  schools, however some state schools are
• also very old, most notably Beverley Grammar
  School founded in 700. The oldest
• surviving girls' school in England is Red Maids'
  School founded in 1634. The most famous
• schools in England are now fee-paying
  institutions, including Winchester College
• (founded 1382), Eton College (1440), St Paul's
  School (1509), Rugby School (1567) and
• Harrow School (1572).
• England is also home to the two oldest
  universities in the English speaking world
  Oxford
• University (12th century) and Cambridge
  University (early 13th century). There are now
• more than 90 universities in England.
• Primary and secondary education in England is
  administered by the Department for
• Children, Schools and Families. Schools are of
  two main types state schools funded
• through taxation and free to all, and private
  schools (also known as "public" or
• "independent" schools) funded through fees.
  Standards are monitored by regular

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Christ Church, University of Oxford.
The chapel of King's College, Cambridge
University.
29
Transport
The government department overseeing transport is
the Department for Transport.
Heathrow Terminal 5. London Heathrow Airport has
the most international passenger traffic of any
airport in the world.
A Eurostar high speed train.
30
National symbols
Saint George slaying the dragon, by Paolo
Uccello, c. 1470.
The two main symbols of England are the St
George's Cross (the English flag), and the Three
Lions coat of arms of England. Other national
symbols exist, but have varying degrees of
official usage, such as the oak tree and the
rose. England's National Day is St George's Day
(Saint George being the patron saint), which is
on 23 April
31
St. George's Cross

• The St. George's Cross is a red cross on a white
  background and is the flag of England.
• It is believed to have been adopted for the
  uniform of English soldiers during the
• Crusades of the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries.
  From about 1277 it became the national
• flag of England.
• St. George's Cross was originally the flag of
  Genoa and was adopted by England and the
• City of London in 1190 for their ships entering
  the Mediterranean to benefit from the protection
  of the
• powerful Genoese fleet. The maritime Republic of
  Genoa was rising and going to become, with its
  rival
• Venice, one of the most important powers in the
  world. The English Monarch paid an annual tribute
  to
• the Doge of Genoa for this privilege. The cross
  of St George would become the official Flag of
  England.
• A red cross acted as a symbol for many Crusaders
  in the 12th and 13th centuries. It became
  associated
• with St. George and England, along with other
  countries and cities (such as Georgia, Milan and
  the
• Republic of Genoa), which claimed him as their
  patron saint and used his cross as a banner. It
  remained
• in national use until 1707, when the Union Flag
  (also known as the Union Jack, especially at sea)
  which
• English and Scottish ships had used at sea since
  1606, was adopted for purposes to unite the whole
  of
• Great Britain under a common flag. The flag of
  England no longer has much of an official role,
  but it is
• widely flown by Church of England properties and
  at sporting events.
• Until recently, the flag was not commonly flown
  in England with the British Union Flag being used
• instead. This was certainly evident at the 1966
  football World Cup when English fans
  predominantly flew
• the latter. However, since devolution in the
  United Kingdom, the St George Cross has
  experienced a

32
The flag of England is the St George's Cross. The
red cross appeared as an emblem of England during
the Middle Ages and the Crusades and is one of
the earliest known emblems representing England.
33
Three Lions

• The coat of arms of England are described as
  gules, three
• lions passant guardant orcitation needed. The
  earliest
• surviving record of their use was by Richard I
  ("Richard the
• Lionheart") in the late 12th century.
• Since union with Scotland and Northern Ireland,
  the arms of
• England are no longer used on their own instead
  they form a
• part of the conjoined Royal coat of arms of the
  United
• Kingdom. However, both the Football Association
  and the
• England and Wales Cricket Board use logos based
  on the three
• lions. In recent years, it has been common to see
  banners of
• the arms flown at English football matches, in
  the same way
• the Lion Rampant is flown in Scotland.
• In 1996, Three Lions was the official song of the
  England football
• team for the 1996 European Football Championship,
  which were held
• in England.

34
Rose

• The Tudor rose is the national floral emblem of
  England, and
• was adopted as a national emblem of England
  around the time
• of the Wars of the Roses.
• The rose is used in a variety of contexts in its
  use for
• England's representation. The Rose of England is
  a Royal
• Badge, and is a Tudor, or half-red-half-white
  rose,
• symbolising the end of the Wars of the Roses and
  the
• subsequent marriage between the House of
  Lancaster and the
• House of York. This symbolism is reflected in the
  Royal coat of
• arms of the United Kingdom and the crest of the
  FA. However,
• the rose of England is often displayed as a red
  rose (which
• also symbolises Lancashire), such as the badge of
  the England
• national rugby union team. A white rose (which
  also
• symbolises Yorkshire) is also used on different
  occasions.

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• The presentation is done by Vorobieva Irina
• 11-1 class