You dont belong in our family

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You dont belong in our family

• Nationalism And Identity
• Bretons in France
• Hungarians in Romania
• By Casey Sale
• And Adrienne Manuel

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Theme

• Our theme will be that of identity and
  nationalism.
• Created identity
• Earnest Renan said that to forget, and I will
  venture to say, to get ones history wrong are
  essential factors in the making of nations

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Similarities

• Hungarians in Romania and Bretons
• A larger state with a Romance Indo-European
  language governs these smaller nations
• Theirs is not a Romance language
• Breton Celtic Indo-European language
• Magyar Finno-Ugric language

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Breton population in France
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History of the Breton

• Bretons are emigrants from south of England that
  came over to Brittany, France in 3rd and 5th
  centuries AD. Amorican peninsula.
• Conquered by French military 1488
• Independent duchy until 1532
• 18th century they finally identified origin of
  Breton as Celtic

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Language Today

• Survey of those 15 years and older in 1997
• 30 said they could understand Breton
• 20 said they could speak it
• 15.5 can read it
• 8 can write it
• At the end of the 20th century
• Estimated 240,000 Breton speakers
• Fewer than half are regular speakers
• Fewer than 70,000 speakers use it every day

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Legal status of Breton

• Hostile toleranceBreton has the same status as
  other non-official languages of the French State
• French is obligatory in all published acts in the
  territory (1794)
• French is the (only)
• judicial language (1532 Edict of
  Villers-Cotterets)
• language permitted in teaching (1794 and 1887)
• language of commerce" (1975)
• language of the Republic (1992 Constitution)

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Legal status (continued)

• 1951 Deixonne LawBreton allowed as an optional
  subject
• France refuses to sign the Council of Europe
  Charter on Minority and Regional Languages
• France has also made derogations from
• Article 27 of the Pact of Civil and Political
  Rights
• Article 30 of the Convention of the Rights of the
  Child

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Identity and Nationalism

• Those that feel strongest about their identity
  are often militant groups
• Activists who want to separate from France
• The non-militant population seems content with
  just assimilating into the French culture
• Importance of the group wanting to save itself

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What should they cling to?

• Racial bond there is no racial purity
• Linguistic unity they speak Gallo, Breton, and
  French
• They take it from a shared location, culture, and
  history

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Bretons created identity

• Pitré-Chevalier and Arthur de La Borderie as the
   fathers of Breton nationalism 
• After 1945 nationalists portrayed Bretons as
  being exploited socially, economically, and
  politically
• made the movement more popular
• Idea that Brittany is an internal colony of
  France
• Changed stereotypes into good attributes

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Language Culture Saving

• One solution may be more self-governance.
  Decentralization
• Fouéré suggests Brittany have its own
  administrative, financial and cultural
  institutions
• the emergence and triumph of ethnic minority
  nationalism in Brittany and elsewhere in Europe
  would appear more directed toward the living
  future than to the irretrievably dead past as its
  adversaries so often charge Reece

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Magyar in Romania
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Magyar History

• Treaty of Trianon (1921) broke up the empire of
  Austria-Hungary and conferred some of this land
  to Romania.
• Hungary regained this land during World War II
• Hungary's defeat in 1945 transferred Transylvania
  once again to Romania

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Magyars, a Threat?

• Magyars have
• Formed significant political groups
• A significant of the population
• Past separatists

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Romanian Population Stats
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Illiberal Politicians

• Use the populations susceptibility to scapegoat
  to the politicians electoral advantage
• Proclaim themselves the defenders of the nation

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Marginalization of Magyars

• March 1990, anti-Hungarian riots in Târgu-Mures
• Ruling party
• Blamed Hungarians
• Unitary Romanian national state
• Nationalistic rhetoric in domestic politics

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Reforms Are Treason?

• The government would not meet Hungarian requests
  (labeled as treason) for reforms in education and
  local administration
• Extremist groups and parties became more
  influential

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Territorial autonomy

• In response, the Hungarian Democratic Alliance of
  Romania (UDMR) radicalized
• In 1994, wanted territorial autonomy
• 1995, began a council on local administration
• Government denounced this as illegal

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In Power

• 1996 coalition included UDMR
• After signing bilateral agreements with Hungary,
• Progress towards NATO membership
• EU accession negotiations

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UDMR

• Worked hard for Hungarian rights
• The opposition and the coalition disliked this
• Reform blocked

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Recent Legislation

• Education in Hungarian
• Right to use Magyar in areas with 20 or more
  Magyar
• Public administration
• Justice
• 1997, signed the European Charter for Regional or
  Minority Languages

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Magyar in Transylvania
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Solutions

• Autonomy
• Recognition as a different group
• Desire of the population itself to promote
  culture

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Conclusion

• Ethnic Romanians have made the Hungarian minority
  its scapegoat in the recent past
• Scapegoating may occur in the future

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Bibliography of Breton

• Broudic, Fanch. Hier, Aujourd'hui, Demain Le
  breton, langue en danger? Buhez, Association.
  Parlons du Breton! Rennes Editions Ouest-France,
  2001. 7-26.
• Chardronnet, Joseph. Histoire de Bretagne. Paris
  Nouvelles Editions Latines, 1985.
• Coadic, Ronan Le. Breton Identity. 27 February
  2005. 25 September 2007 lthttp//www.breizh.net/ide
  ntity/gt.
• Fouéré, Yann. A Detailed Proposal for Reform in
  Brittany. O'Callaghan, M.J.C. Separatism in
  Brittany. Trewolsta A. Wheaton Co. Ltd., 1983.
  165-180.

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Bibliography of Breton (continued)

• Markale, Jean. Identité de Bretagne. Paris
  Editions Entente, 1985.
• Reece, Jack E. The Bretons against France Ethnic
  Minority Nationalism in Twentieth-Century
  Brittany. Chapel Hill The University of North
  Carolina Press, 1977.
• Timm, Lenora. Ethnic Identity and Minority
  Language Survival in Brittany. O'Reilly,
  Camille. Language, Ethnicity and the State.
  Volume 1 Minority Languages in the European
  Union. New York Palgrave, 2001. 104-125.

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Bibliography of Magyar Population

• "Language Data." Eurolang. Oct 4, 2007.
  www.eurominority.org. 22 Oct. 2007
  http//www.eurolang.net/index.php?optioncom_conte
  nttaskviewid22Itemid55langen
• MacMillan, Margaret. Paris 1919 Six Months That
  Changed the World. New York Random House Trade
  Paperbacks, 2003. p. xviii, 486
• Mazower, Mark. Dark Continent Europes
  Twentieth Century. New York Vintage Books, 1998.
• Pond, Elizabeth. The Rebirth of Europe. 2nd Ed.
  Washington, D.C. Brookings Institution Press,
  2002.

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Bibliography (continued)

• Riagáin, Dónall Ó. "Many Tongues but One Voice A
  Personal Overview of the Role of the European
  Bureau for Lesser Used Languages in Promoting
  Europe's Regional and Minority Languages."
  Language, Ethnicity, and the State Minority
  Languages in the European Union, Vol. 1. Ed.
  Camille C. O'Reilly. New York Palgrave, 2001.
• "The Situation of Hungarians in Romania in 2006."
  2006. Government Office for Hungarian Minorities
  Abroad. 22 Oct. 2007 http//www.hhrf.org/htmh/en/?
  menuid0404
• Vachudova, Milada Anna. Europe Undivided
  Democracy, Leverage, Integration After
  Communism. New York Oxford University Press,
  2005.
• Walzer, Michael. On Toleration. New Haven Yale
  University Press, 1997. p.28

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Photo Bibliography

• Flag of NATO. Wikipedia. 20 Oct 2005.
  http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImageFlag_of_NATO.sv
  g
• Flags. Romania. Dec 2002. http//ec.europa.eu/a
  vservices/photo/photo_search_en.cfm?videorefStar
  tRow21levelPROkeywordRomaniasrc1
• Defence and promotion of Human Rights by the
  EC. 10 Dec 2003. http//ec.europa.eu/avservices/
  photo/photo_thematic_en.cfm?idmarkPRO,SYMB
• The European Flag. http//europa.eu/abc/symbols
  /emblem/index_en.htm
• ImageRMDSz.jpg. Wikipedia. 10 June 2006
  http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImageRMDSz.jpg
• Language Data." Eurolang. Oct 4, 2007.
  www.eurominority.org. 22 Oct. 2007
  http//www.eurolang.net/index.php?optioncom_conte
  nttaskviewid22Itemid55langen
• Map of Transylvania. http//www.rmdsz.ro
• Map of Brittany http//wikitravel.org/en/Brittan
  y