Chapter 4: From Chemistry to Energy to Life

1
Chapter 4 From Chemistry to Energy to Life
2
Chemistry and the Environment

• conservation of matter
• atoms
• protons ()
• neutrons
• electrons (-)
• Isotopes have a different number of neutrons in
  the atom
• some are radioactives
• half-life of minutes to millions of years
• Ion is an atom that gains an electron (-) or
  loses one ()
• Ca2 calcium which has lost 2 electrons

3
Compounds

• Organic
• have carbon (C), oxygen (O), hydrogen (H) and
  nitrogen (N) in them as the core
• example CO2 carbon dioxide
• Inorganic
• any other compound
• example NaCl table salt

4
Solutions

• mixture of substances
• air is a solution of gases
• tap water is a solution of liquids
• human blood

5
pH

• 0 - 14
• 0-7 acid
• 7 is neutral
• 7-14 base

6
Macromolecules

• building blocks of life
• large in size compared to other simple molecules
  like water and sugar
• proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids

7
Synthetic Polymers

• plastics
• man-made
• not present in nature
• derived from hydrocarbons
• resist chemical brakedown
• can create problems in wildlife

8
Compartmentalization of Macromolecules

• natural macromolecules make up cells, the unit of
  life, from the simple bacteria to more complex
  organisms like you and I.
• Prokaryotes
• Eukaryotes

9
Energy

• potential energy energy present in a molecule
• kinetic energy energy produced by the movement
  of a molecule
• chemical energy energy held in the bonds of a
  molecule

10
Thermodynamics Energy conservation

• First Law energy is not created nor destroyed,
  its only transformed.
• energy in food
• Second Law nature of energy will change from
  more ordered one to a more chaotic one.
• decomposition of a dead organism

11
Light Energy Produces Food

• autotrophs produce their own food with the use
  of solar energy known as photosynthesis.
  Example?plants which become the primary producers
• 6CO2 12H2O ? C6H12O6 6H2O ? 6O2
• carbon water glucose water
  oxygen
• dioxide

12
Cellular Respiration Releases Chemical Energy

• heterotrophs consume autotrophs to obtain
  energy. example?animals which become the primary
  consumers
• C6H12O6 6O2 ? 6CO2 6H2O energy

13
Chemosysthesis

• chemical-bond energy of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) to
  transform inorganic carbon into organic
  compounds.
• Present in bacteria found in the hydrothermal
  vents at the bottom of the ocean
• 6CO2 6H2O ? C6H12O6 3H2SO4

14
Origin of Life

• Primordial soup simple inorganic coumpounds
  under special conditions formed the first organic
  compunds.
• Panspermia hypothesis microbes from outerspace
  came to contact with earth and evolved.
• Chemoautotrophic theory proposed the bacteria
  from the hydrothermal vents came first.

15
Evolution through the Fossil records

• comparison of genes
• history of life bacteria
• Archaea
• Eukaryotes
• protists
• plants
• fungi
• animals
• THE END