Chapter The Chemistry of Life

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ChapterThe Chemistry of Life

• Carbon Compounds

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The Chemistry of Carbon

• Carbon
• 4 Valence Electrons
• Bonds with
• Hydrogen, Oxygen,
• Phosphorus, Sulfur,
• Nitrogen
• Other Carbon Atoms

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The Chemistry of Carbon

• Methane Single
  Bonds
• Acetylene Triple Bonds

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The Chemistry of Carbon

• Butadiene Double
  Bonds
• Benzene Ring
  Bonding

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The Chemistry of Carbon

• Covalent Bonds of Carbon
• May Be Single, Double, or Triple
• But Always a Total of Four (4) Bonds
• No Other Element is so versatile.
• Millions of Different Structures

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Macromolecules

• Means Giant Molecules
• Each Macromolecule Is Constructed of Thousands to
  Hundreds of Thousands of Smaller Molecules Called
  Monomers.

monomer monomer monomer. Macromolecule
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Macromolecules

• Monomers Are The Basic Building Block (Smallest
  Unit) of Any Macromolecule
• Monomers Combine And Become Polymers Through
  Polymerization

Monomer Macromolecule(Polymer)
Glucose Starch Cellulose
Nucleotides DNA RNA
Amino Acids Proteins
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Groups of Macromolecules

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Nucleic Acids
• Proteins

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Carbohydrates Sugars

• CHO in ratio of 121
• Main source of energy for life
• Cellulose Structural Polymer in Plants
• Starches Storage Polymer in Plants
• Fats Storage Polymer in Animals
• Mono Polysaccharides

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Carbohydrates

• Key Concept
• Living Things Use Carbohydrates As Their Main
  Source of Energy!
• Plants and some Animals Use Carbohydrates For
  Structural Purposes
• e.g. Cellulose

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Carbohydrates - Monosaccharides

• Single Sugars
• Glucose (Universal)
• Galactose (Milk)
• Fructose (Fruits)

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Carbohydrates - Polysaccharides

• Polysaccharides
• Glycogen (Animals)

Poly means Many
Saccharide means Sugar
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Carbohydrates - Polysaccharides

• Polysaccharides
• Starch (Plants)
• Cellulose (Plants)

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Carbohydrates - Disaccharides

• Sucrose
• Maltose
• Lactose

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Lipids (fats)

• Key Concept
• Lipids Can Be Used To Store Energy.
• Lipids Are Important Parts Of Biological
  Membranes And Waterproof Coverings

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Lipids (fats)

• Made Mostly of Carbon Hydrogen
• Not Water Soluble
• Categories of Lipids Include
• Fats
• Oils
• Waxes
• Steroids

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Lipids (fats)

• Saturated Fats
• Each Carbon Atom In The Fatty Acid Chain Is
  Joined To Another Carbon By A Single Bond
• That Means The Macromolecule Contains The Maximum
  Number of Hydrogens
• Solid At Room Temperature
• Butter, Margarine, Lard, Shortening, etc.

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Lipids (saturated fat)

• Formed from Glycerol Fatty Acids

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Lipids (fats)

• Unsaturated Fats
• One Or More Carbon to Carbon Bond(s) Is/Are
  Multiply Bonded
• These Lipids Are Liquid At Room Temperature
• Olive Oil, Peanut Oil, Other Cooking Oils

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Lipids (unsaturated fat)
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Nucleic Acids

• Macromolecules with C, H, O, N P
• Monomer Nucleotide
• Polymers Nucleic Acids
• 5 Carbon Sugar
• Phosphate Group
• Nitrogen Base

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5 Carbon Sugars

• RNA
• Ribonucleic Acid
• DNA
• Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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5 Carbon Sugars

• DNA RNA

Deoxyribose Sugar
Ribose Sugar
The Only Difference
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Nucleic Acids

• Key Concept
• Nucleic Acids Store Transmit Hereditary or
  Genetic Information
• Every Life Form Uses The Same Nucleic Acids

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Proteins

• Macromolecules with C, H, O, N
• Monomer Amino Acid
• Polymer Protein
• Compounds with an Amino Group (NH2) and a
  Carboxyl Group (-COOH) on the other end
• This Allows bonding between any amino acid
• 20 AAs in nature

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Amino Acid R Groups

• Each Amino Acid Is Different in the -Group

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Amino Acid R Groups

• Some Polar, some Non-Polar
• Some Acidic, some Basic
• Some contain Carbon Rings

Amino Acid
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Proteins

• Key Concept
• Proteins Control the rate of reactions
• Proteins Regulate Cellular Processes
• Proteins Form Bones Muscles
• Proteins Transport Substances In/Out of Cells
• Proteins Fight disease

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Levels of Organization

1. Sequence of Amino Acids
2. Amino Acid Twists Folds Within Chain
3. Twists Folds of Chain Itself
4. Multiple Protein Chains May Be Necessary To Make
   An Active Protein

Protein Shape Is Critical To Function
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Hemoglobin