Chapter 3: Organic Molecules and life

1
Chapter 3 Organic Molecules and life
2
I. Intro Carbon organic chemistry

• A. Organic

3
I. Intro Carbon organic chemistry

1. Organic a molecule that contains the element
   Carbon (C )

4
I. Intro Carbon organic chemistry

• Organic a molecule that contains the element
  Carbon
• Is water organic?

5
I. Intro Carbon organic chemistry

1. Organic a molecule that contains the element
   Carbon
2. Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds

6
(No Transcript)
7
I. Intro Carbon organic chemistry

1. Organic a molecule that contains the element
   Carbon
2. Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds
3. Organic molecules tend to have lots of H bound to
   C

8
I. Intro Carbon organic chemistry

• Organic a molecule that contains the element
  Carbon
• Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds
• Organic molecules tend to have lots of H bound to
  C
• The carbons are often bound to each other, with
  Hs bound to each carbon

9
I. Intro Carbon organic chemistry

1. Organic a molecule that contains the element
   Carbon
2. Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds
3. Organic molecules tend to have lots of H bound to
   C, and often contain O

10
(No Transcript)
11
I. Intro Carbon organic chemistry

1. Organic a molecule that contains the element
   Carbon
2. Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds
3. Organic molecules tend to have lots of H bound to
   C, and often contain O
4. Organic molecules are abbreviated in drawings

12
I. Intro Carbon organic chemistry

1. Organic a molecule that contains the element
   Carbon
2. Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds
3. Organic molecules tend to have lots of H bound to
   C, and often contain O
4. Organic molecules are abbreviated in drawings
5. Organic molecules often contain functional groups

13
III. Major Biological Molecules

• Carbohydrates
• 1. Monosaccharides CH2O

14

• Monosaccharides

15
III. Major Biological Molecules

• Carbohydrates
• Monosaccharides- glucose and fructose are the
  common dietary monosaccharides
• Individual cells are able to harness the energy
  in monosaccharides and use it to do work (ex,
  muscle cell contraction)

16
III. Major Biological Molecules

• Carbohydrates
• Monosaccharides- glucose and fructose are the
  common dietary monosaccharides
• Two monosaccharides can bond to form

17
III. Major Biological Molecules

• Carbohydrates
• Monosaccharides- glucose and fructose are the
  common dietary monosaccharides
• Two monosaccharides can bond to form
• 2. Disaccharides

18
(No Transcript)
19
III. Major Biological Molecules

• Carbohydrates
• Monosaccharides- glucose and fructose are the
  common dietary monosaccharides
• Two monosaccharides can bond to form
• 2. Disaccharides
• Many monosaccharides can bond in a chain to form

20
III. Major Biological Molecules

• Carbohydrates
• Monosaccharides- glucose and fructose are the
  common dietary monosaccharides
• Two monosaccharides can bond to form
• 2. Disaccharides
• Many monosaccharides can bond in a chain to
  form
• 3. Polysaccharides

21
III. Major Biological Molecules

• Carbohydrates
• Monosaccharides
• 2. Disaccharides
• 3. Polysaccharides- chains of monosaccharides.
  Cells build polysaccharides to either store
  energy or

22
III. Major Biological Molecules

• Carbohydrates
• Monosaccharides
• 2. Disaccharides
• 3. Polysaccharides- chains of monosaccharides.
  Cells build polysaccharides to either store
  energy or use them for structure

23
(No Transcript)
24
III. Major Biological Molecules

• Carbohydrates
• Monosaccharides
• 2. Disaccharides
• 3. Polysaccharides
• a. Starch- plant storage of glucose

25
III. Major Biological Molecules

• Carbohydrates
• Monosaccharides
• 2. Disaccharides
• 3. Polysaccharides
• a. Starch- plant storage of glucose
• b. Glycogen- animal storage of glucose

26
III. Major Biological Molecules

• Carbohydrates
• Monosaccharides
• 2. Disaccharides
• 3. Polysaccharides
• a. Starch- plant storage of glucose
• b. Glycogen- animal storage of glucose
• c. Cellulose- major structural component of
  plant cell walls

27
(No Transcript)
28
III. Major Biological Molecules

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic

29
III. Major Biological Molecules

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic- cells use lipids
  both for energy and structure/function.

30
III. Major Biological Molecules

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
• 1. Lipids that are or contain fatty acids

31
III. Major Biological Molecules

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
• Lipids that are or contain fatty acids
• a. Fatty acids

32
(No Transcript)
33
III. Major Biological Molecules

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
• Lipids that are or contain fatty acids
• Fatty acids
• Triglycerides- the way fatty acids are stored

34
(No Transcript)
35
III. Major Biological Molecules

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
• Lipids that are or contain fatty acids
• Fatty acids
• Triglycerides- the way fatty acids are stored
• Phospholipids- the major structural component of
  cell membranes

36
(No Transcript)
37
III. Major Biological Molecules

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
• Lipids that are or contain fatty acids
• Steroids

38
(No Transcript)
39
III. Major Biological Molecules

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
• Proteins- cells use mostly for structure and
  function, but can use for energy

40
III. Major Biological Molecules

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
• Proteins
• 1. Some example functions

41
III. Major Biological Molecules

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
• Proteins
• Some example functions
• Structure ex, keratin, collagen

42
III. Major Biological Molecules

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
• Proteins
• Some example functions
• Structure ex, keratin, collagen
• Immune function in vertebrates ex, antibodies

43
III. Major Biological Molecules

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
• Proteins
• Some example functions
• Structure ex, keratin, collagen
• Immune function in vertebrates ex, antibodies
• Transport of substances through the blood ex,
  hemoglobin, proteins that carry fat-soluble
  vitamins

44
III. Major Biological Molecules

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
• Proteins
• Some example functions
• Structure ex, keratin, collagen
• Immune function in vertebrates ex, antibodies
• Transport of substances through the blood ex,
  hemoglobin, proteins that carry fat-soluble
  vitamins
• Enzymes drive the reactions that sustain life,
  ex. Digestive enzymes

45
III. Major Biological Molecules

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
• Proteins
• Some example functions
• Structure ex, keratin, collagen
• Immune function in vertebrates ex, antibodies
• Transport of substances through the blood ex,
  hemoglobin, proteins that carry fat-soluble
  vitamins
• Enzymes drive the reactions that sustain life,
  ex. Digestive enzymes
• Movement ex, contractile proteins in muscle
  cells

46
III. Major Biological Molecules

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
• Proteins
• Some example functions
• Proteins are long, highly folded chains of amino
  acids

47
(No Transcript)
48
III. Major Biological Molecules

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
• Proteins
• Some example functions
• Proteins are long, highly folded chains of amino
  acids
• Protein shape

49
III. Major Biological Molecules

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
• Proteins
• Some example functions
• Proteins are long, highly folded chains of amino
  acids
• Protein shape
• a. They are 3-dimensional

50
III. Major Biological Molecules

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
• Proteins
• Some example functions
• Proteins are long, highly folded chains of amino
  acids
• Protein shape
• They are 3-dimensional, each proteins function
  depends on its shape

51
III. Major Biological Molecules

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
• Proteins
• Some example functions
• Proteins are long, highly folded chains of amino
  acids
• Protein shape
• They are 3-dimensional, each proteins function
  depends on its shape, each proteins shape is
  determined by its specific sequence of amino
  acids

52
III. Major Biological Molecules

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
• Proteins
• Some example functions
• Proteins are long, highly folded chains of amino
  acids
• Protein shape
• They are 3-dimensional, each proteins function
  depends on its shape, each proteins shape is
  determined by its specific sequence of amino
  acids
• Is the sequence of amino acids important to a
  proteins function?

53
III. Major Biological Molecules

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
• Proteins
• Some example functions
• Proteins are long, highly folded chains of amino
  acids
• Protein shape
• They are 3-dimensional, each proteins function
  depends on its shape, each proteins shape is
  determined by its specific sequence of amino
  acids
• Patterns of protein folding

54

• Amino acids bond one-by-one to form

55

• The primary structure of a protein

56
(No Transcript)
57
(No Transcript)
58
(No Transcript)
59
(No Transcript)
60
III. Major Biological Molecules

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids- DNA RNA
• 1. Made of monomers called nucleotides

61
(No Transcript)
62
III. Major Biological Molecules

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids- DNA RNA
• Made of monomers called nucleotides The
  nucleotides are made of phosphate (PO4), a
  monosaccharide (deoxyribose or ribose), and a
  nitrogenous base.
• There are four nitrogenous bases used by DNA
  Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and
  Cytosine ( C ).

63
(No Transcript)
64
(No Transcript)
65
III. Major Biological Molecules

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids- DNA RNA
• Made of monomers called nucleotides The
  nucleotides are made of phosphate (PO4), a
  monosaccharide, and a nitrogenous base.
• There are four nitrogenous bases used by DNA
  Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and
  Cytosine ( C ). RNA uses one called Uracil (U)
  rather than thymine.

66
III. Major Biological Molecules

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids- DNA RNA
• Made of monomers called nucleotides The
  nucleotides are made of phosphate (PO4), a
  monosaccharide, and a nitrogenous base.
• There are four nitrogenous bases used by DNA
  Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and
  Cytosine ( C ). RNA uses one called Uracil (U)
  rather than thymine.
• RNA is a single strand, while DNA is made of 2
  separate strands. They stick together by
  H-bonding between the N-bases.

67
(No Transcript)
68
(No Transcript)