America Becomes A Colonial Power

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America Becomes a Colonial Power
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Why did America join the imperialist club at the
end of the 19c?
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1. Commercial/Business Interests
U. S. Foreign Investments 1869-1908
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1. Commercial/Business Interests
American Foreign Trade1870-1914
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2. Military/Strategic Interests
Alfred T. Mahan ? The Influence of Sea Power on
History 1660-1783
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3. Social Darwinist Thinking
The White MansBurden
The Hierarchyof Race
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4. Religious/Missionary Interests
American Missionariesin China, 1905
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5. Closing the American Frontier
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Hawaii "Crossroads of the Pacific"
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U. S. Missionaries in Hawaii
Imiola Church first built in the late 1820s
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U. S. View of Hawaiians
Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849
by virtue of economic treaties.
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Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani
Hawaii for the Hawaiians!
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U. S. Business Interests In Hawaii

• 1875 Reciprocity Treaty
• 1890 McKinley Tariff
• 1893 Americanbusinessmen backed anuprising
  against Queen Liliuokalani.
• Sanford Ballard Dole proclaims the Republic of
  Hawaii in 1894.

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To The Victor Belongs the Spoils
Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898
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Japan
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Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan 1853
The Japanese View of Commodore Perry
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Treaty of Kanagawa 1854
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Gentlemans Agreement 1908

• A Japanese note agreeing to deny passports
  tolaborers entering the U.S.
• Japan recognized the U.S.right to exclude
  Japaneseimmigrants holding passportsissued by
  other countries.
• The U.S. government got theschool board of San
  Francisco to rescind their order tosegregate
  Asians in separateschools.

• 1908 ? Root-Takahira Agreement.

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Lodge Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine 1912

• Senator Henry CabotLodge, Sr. (R-MA)
• Non-European powers,like Japan, would
  beexcluded from owningterritory in the
  WesternHemisphere.

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Alaska
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Sewards Folly 1867
7.2 million
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Sewards Icebox 1867
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Cuba
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The Imperialist Taylor
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Spanish Misrule in Cuba
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Valeriano Weylers Reconcentration Policy
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Yellow Journalism Jingoism
Joseph Pulitzer
Hearst to Frederick Remington You furnish
the pictures, and Ill furnish the war!
William Randolph Hearst
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De Lôme Letter

• Dupuy de Lôme, SpanishAmbassador to the U.S.
• Criticized PresidentMcKinley as weak and
  abidder for the admirationof the crowd,
  besidesbeing a would-be politicianwho tries to
  leave a dooropen behind himself whilekeeping on
  good termswith the jingoes of hisparty.

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Theodore Roosevelt

• Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the McKinley
  administration.
• Imperialist and American nationalist.
• Criticized PresidentMcKinley as having the
  backbone of a chocolate éclair!
• Resigns his position to fight in Cuba.

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The Rough Riders
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Remember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!
Funeral for Maine victims in Havana
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The Spanish-American War (1898)That Splendid
Little War
How prepared was the US for war?
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The Philippines
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The Spanish-American War (1898)That Splendid
Little War
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Dewey Captures Manila!
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Is He To Be a Despot?
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Emilio Aguinaldo

• Leader of the FilipinoUprising.
• July 4, 1946Philippine independence

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William H. Taft, 1stGov.-General of the
Philippines
Great administrator.
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In February 1899, the Filipinos, led by
Aguinaldo, rose in revolt. The United States
assumed almost the same role that Spain had
played, imposing its authority on a colony that
was fighting for freedom.
It took the Americans nearly three years to put
down the rebellion. About 20,000 Filipino rebels
died fighting for independence. The war claimed
4,000 American lives and cost 400 million-20
times the price the United States had paid to
purchase the islands.
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After suppressing the rebellion, the United
States set up a government similar to the one it
had established for Puerto Rico. The U.S.
president would appoint a Governor, who would
then appoint the upper house of the legislature.
Filipinos would elect the lower house. Under
American rule, the Philippines moved gradually
toward independence and finally became an
independent republic on July 4, 1946.
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Our Sphere of Influence
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The Treaty of Paris 1898

• Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.
• Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island ofGuam.
• The U. S. paid Spain20 mil. for
  thePhilippines.
• The U. S. becomesan imperial power!

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The American Anti-Imperialist
League

• Founded in 1899.
• Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, WilliamJames, and
  WilliamJennings Bryan amongthe leaders.
• Campaigned against the annexation of
  thePhilippines and otheracts of imperialism.

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Cuban Independence?

• Teller Amendment (1898)
• Platt Amendment (1903)
• Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with
  foreign powers that would endanger its
  independence.
• The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if
  necessary to maintain an efficient, independent
  govt.
• Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. for
  naval and coaling station.
• Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.

Senator Orville Platt
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DILEMMA--Did U. S. citizenship follow the flag??
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Puerto Rico
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Puerto Rico 1898

• 1900 - Foraker Act.
• PR became an unincorporated territory.
• Citizens of PR, not of the US.
• Import duties on PR goods
• 1901-1903 ? the Insular Cases.
• Constitutional rights were not automatically
  extended to territorial possessions.
• Congress had the power to decide these rights.
• Import duties laid down by the Foraker Act were
  legal!

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Puerto Rico 1898

• 1917 Jones Act.
• Gave full territorial status to PR.
• Removed tariff duties on PR goods coming into the
  US.
• PRs elected theirown legislators governor to
  enforcelocal laws.
• PRs could NOT votein US presidentialelections.
• A resident commissioner was sent to Washington to
  vote for PR in the House.

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Panama
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Panama The Kings Crown

• 1850 ? Clayton-Bulwer Treaty.
• 1901 ? Hay-Paunceforte Treaty.
• Philippe Bunau-Varilla,agent provocateur.
• Dr. Walter Reed.
• Colonel W. Goethals.
• 1903 ? Hay-Bunau- Varilla Treaty.

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By the time Roosevelt became president, many
Americans, including Roosevelt, felt that the
United States needed a canal cutting across
Central America
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty of 1901, however, Britain
gave the United States exclusive rights to build
and control a canal through Central America.
One, through Nicaragua, posed fewer obstacles
because much of it crossed a large lake.
In the late 1800s, a French company had tried to
build a canal in Panama. After ten years, the
company gave up. It sent an agent, Philippe
Bunau-Varilla, to Washington to convince the
United States to buy its claim. In 1903, the
president and Congress decided to use the Panama
route and agreed to buy the French company's
route for 40 million.
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Panama Canal
TR in Panama(Construction begins in 1904)
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Before beginning work on the Panama Canal, the
United States had to get permission from
Colombia, which then ruled Panama.
When these negotiations broke down, Bunau-Varilla
helped organize a Panamanian rebellion against
Colombia
On November 3, 1903, nearly a dozen U.S. warships
were present as Panama declared its
independence. Fifteen days later, Panama and the
United States signed a treaty in which the United
States agreed to pay Panama 10 million plus an
annual rent of 250,000 for an area of land
across Panama, called the Canal Zone. The
payments were to begin in 1913.
Builders fought diseases, such as yellow fever
and malaria, and soft volcanic soil that proved
difficult to remove from where it lay. Work
began in 1904 with the clearing of brush and
draining of swamps. By 1913, the height of the
construction, more than 43,400 workers were
employed.
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The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
1905
Chronic wrongdoing may in America, as elsewhere,
ultimately require intervention by some civilized
nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the
adherence of the United States to the Monroe
Doctrine may force the United States, however
reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing
or impotence, to the exercise of an international
police power .
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Speak Softly,But Carry a Big Stick!
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Panama Canal
Saved 7,800 Miles
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China
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Stereotypes of the Chinese
Immigrant
Oriental Chinese Exclusion Act, 1887
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The United States began to fear that China would
be carved into colonies and American traders
would be shut out. To protect American
interests, U.S. Secretary of State John Hay
issued, in 1899, a series of policy statements
called the Open Door notes.
The notes were letters addressed to the leaders
of imperialist nations proposing that the
nations share their trading rights with the
United States, thus creating an open door. This
meant that no single nation would have a
monopoly on trade with any part of China. The
other imperialist powers reluctantly accepted
this policy
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The Boxer Rebellion 1900

• The Peaceful Harmonious Fists.
• 55 Days at Peking.

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Although China kept its freedom, Europeans
dominated most of China's large cities.
Resentment simmered beneath the surface as some
Chinese formed secret societies pledged to rid
the country of "foreign devils." The most famous
of these secret groups were the Boxers, so named
by Westerners because members practiced martial
arts.
The Boxers killed hundreds of missionaries and
other foreigners, as well as Chinese converts to
Christianity. In August 1900, troops from
Britain, France, Germany, and Japan joined about
2,500 American soldiers and marched on the
Chinese capital. Within two months, the
international forces put down the Boxer
Rebellion. Thousands of Chinese people died
during the fighting.
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After the Boxer Rebellion, the United States
feared that European nations would use their
victory to take even greater control of China. To
prevent this, John Hay issued a second series of
Open Door notes, announcing that the United
States would "safeguard for the world the
principle of equal and impartial trade with all
parts of the Chinese Empire." This policy paved
the way for greater American influence in Asia.
The Open Door policy reflected three deeply held
American beliefs about the United States
industrial capitalist economy. First, Americans
believed that the growth of the U.S. economy
depended on exports. Second, they felt the
United States had a right to intervene abroad to
keep foreign markets open. Third, they feared
that the closing of an area to American products,
citizens, or ideas threatened U.S. survival.
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The Open Door Policy

• Secretary John Hay.
• Give all nations equalaccess to trade in China.
• Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by
  any one foreign power.

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TheOpen Door Policy
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America as a Pacific Power
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America's New Role
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The Cares of a Growing Family
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Constable of the World
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Treaty of Portsmouth 1905
Nobel Peace Prize for Teddy
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In 1904, Tsar Nicholas II of Russia declared war
on Japan, Russia's neighbor in East Asia
As a result of two battles Japan beat Russia to
secure Manchuria and Korea..But a a great cost!
Japanese officials approached President Roosevelt
in secret and asked him to mediate peace
negotiations.
The Japanese wanted Sakhalin Island, off the
coast of Siberia, and a large sum of money from
Russia. Russia refused. Roosevelt persuaded Japan
to accept half the island and forgo the cash
payment. In exchange, Russia agreed to let Japan
take over Russian interests in Manchuria and
Korea.
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The Great White Fleet 1907
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Tafts Dollar Diplomacy

• Improve financialopportunities for American
  businesses.
• Use private capital tofurther U. S.
  interestsoverseas.
• Therefore, the U.S. should create stability and
  order abroad that would best promote Americas
  commercial interests.

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Mexico
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The Mexican Revolution 1910s

• Porfirio Díaz- Millitary Dictator friendly to USA
  
• Gen. Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico
  and puts Madero in prison where he was murdered.
• Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano
  Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought against
  Huerta.
• The U.S. also got involved by occupying Veracruz
  and Huerta fled the country.
• Eventually Carranza would gain power in Mexico.

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The Mexican Revolution 1910s

• General Victoriano Huerta took over the
  government. Within days Madero was murdered.
  Wilson refused to recognize the government that
  Huerta formed. He called it "a government of
  butchers.
• One of Huerta's officers arrested a small group
  of American sailors in Tampico, on Mexico's
  eastern shore. The Mexicans quickly released them
  and apologized, but Wilson used the incident as
  an excuse to intervene in Mexico and ordered U.S.
  Marines to occupy Veracruz, an important Mexican
  port. Eighteen Americans and at least 200
  Mexicans died during the invasion.

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The Mexican Revolution 1910s

• The Huerta regime soon collapsed, however, and
  Venustiano Carranza, a nationalist leader, became
  president in 1915. Wilson withdrew the troops and
  formally recognized the Carranza government.
• Rebels under the leadership of Francisco "Pancho"
  Villa and Emiliano Zapata opposed Carranza's
  provisional government. Zapatason of a mestizo
  peasantwas dedicated to land reform.

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The Mexican Revolution 1910s
Emiliano Zapata
Pancho Villa
Venustiano Carranza
Porfirio Diaz
Francisco I Madero
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Wilsons Moral Diplomacy

• The U. S. shouldbe the conscienceof the world.
• Spread democracy.
• Promote peace.
• Condemn colonialism.

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Searching for Banditos
General John J. Pershing with PanchoVilla in
1914.
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U. S. Global Investments Investments in Latin
America, 1914
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U. S. Interventions in Latin America 1898-1920s
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Uncle Sam One of the Boys?