The Cardiovascular System

1
The Cardiovascular System

• By Cody Collins

2
Atria

• heart is made up of four chambers
• two chambers on each side of the heart, one on
  the bottom and one on the top
• two chambers on top are called the atria
  (atrium).
• left atrium and a right atrium.
• atria fill with blood returning to the heart from
  the body and lungs.  

3
Ventricles

• The two chambers on the bottom are the
  ventricles.
• The heart has a left ventricle and a right
  ventricle. Their job is to return blood to the
  body and lungs.
• Left ventricle distributes blood to the body.
• Right ventricle distributes blood to the lungs.

4
The Heart

• The atria and ventricles work together.
• The atria fill with blood, and pump it into the
  ventricles.
• The ventricles then squeeze, pumping blood out of
  the heart.
• The atria refill and prepare for the next
  contraction while the ventricles are squeezing.

5
Valves

• blood relies on four special valves inside the
  heart
• valves lets something in and keep it there by
  closing
• Example Think of walking through a door. The
  door shuts behind you and keeps you from going
  backward.

6
Valves

• Mitral valve and Tricuspid valve
• Purpose-allow blood flow from the atria to the
  ventricles.
• Aortic valve and Pulmonary valve
• Purpose- in charge of controlling the flow as
  the blood leaves the heart.
• These valves work to keep the blood flowing
  forward.
• open to let blood move ahead
• close quickly to keep the blood from flowing
  backward.

7
The Heart
8
Visuals
Human Heart
Anatomy of a Heart
Pig Heart
Enlarged Heart
9
History

• The valves of the heart were discovered by a
  physician of the Hippocratean school around the
  4th century BC.
• Herophilus distinguished veins from arteries but
  thought that the pulse was a property of arteries
  themselves.
• The Greek physician Galen knew that blood vessels
  carried blood and identified venous (dark red)
  and arterial (brighter and thinner) blood.

10
References

• http//www.kidshealth.org/kid/body/heart_noSW.html
  
• http//anatquest.nlm.nih.gov/VisibleHuman/ImageDat
  a/Rendered/jpg/DPR100007226.jpg
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular
• http//www.stayinginshape.com/3chsbuffalo/libv/lib
  graph/heart.gif

11
Heart ValvesBy Tracey D. Smith
12
What it does

• The heart has four chambers
• The upper two are the right and left atria
• The lower two are the right and left ventricles
• Blood is pumped through the chambers, aided by
  four heart valves
• The valves open and close to let the blood flow
  in only one direction

13
What it looks like
14
The four heart valves

• The tricuspid valve
• The pulmonary or pulmonic valve
• The mitral valve
• The aortic valve

15
Problems

• Heart valves dont always work as they should.
• A person can be born with an abnormal heart
  valve.
• A valve can also become damaged by
• Infections
• Rheumatic fever
• Changes in valve structure

16
Defective Heart Valve
17
Can you fix it?

• To fix a defective heart valve you have to have
  surgery.
• A number of durable and highly efficient
  artificial valves have been developed from animal
  parts, plastic, and metal.
• There are also newer surgical techniques to
  reconstruct defective heart valves.
• Physician scientists at Columbia are currently
  investigating the potential of a non-invasive
  procedure for mitral valve repair procedure known
  as Evalve.

18
Effects of heart valve disease

• Valves that dont shut properly cause the
  regurgitation of blood back across the valve in
  the wrong direction.
• Valves that wont open properly is known as
  stenosis of the valve, which means that blood
  flow through the valve is limited.

19
Aortic valve stenosis
20
References

• http//www.google.com/
• http//www.ask.com/?o0subjectask/pg1
• http//www.bbc.co.uk/health/conditions/heartvalve1
  .shtml

21
Heart Murmurs

• By Katie Cox

22
MURMURS

• Extra, abnormal, or unexpected sound caused by
  the flow of blood through the heart

23
SYMPTOMS

• Chest pain
• Rapid or pounding heartbeat
• Shortness of breath
• Fatigue
• Dizziness
• Weakness
• Fever cough
• Paleness

24
CAUSES

• Defective Heart Valve
• Holes in the heart wall
• Surgical repair of congenital heart defects
• Fever
• Anemia

25
PREVENTION

• Proper treatments of
• Strep throat
• Rheumatic Fever
• Hypertension

26
SIX ATTRIBUTES

• Intensity
• Pitch
• Configuration
• Quality
• Duration
• Timing

27
INTENSITY/PITCH

• Grade I Faintest, Heard with difficulty
• Grade II Faint but identified immediately
• Grade III Moderately loud
• Grade IV Loud, associated with palpable thrill
• Grade V Very loud, cant be heard with
  stethoscope
• Grade VI Loudest, can be heard without
  stethoscope

28
CONFIGURATION

• Crescendo increasing
• Decrescendo decreasing
• Crescendo-Decrescendo diamond-shaped
• Plateau unchanged

29
QUALITY

• Squeaky
• Musical
• Harsh
• Scratchy
• Rumbling
• Grunting
• Blowing

30
DURATION TIMING

• Length of systole or diastole a murmur occupies

• Most important in determining cause
• In relation to normal cardiac cycle

31
TYPES

• Diastolic
• Muscle relaxation
• Systolic
• Muscle contraction
• Continuous
• Throughout cardiac cycle

32
REFERENCES

• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_murmur
• http//www.childrenshospital.org/az/site497/mainpa
  geS497PO.html
• http//heartlink.mcw.edu/article/880000049.html
• http//atoz.iqhealth.com/HealthAnswers/encyclopedi
  a/HTMLfiles/3168.html

33
Pacemakers

• The study of the heart

34
Introduction

• Electrical impulses from the heart muscle cause
  your heart to beat (contract). This electrical
  signal begins in the sinoatrial (SA) node,
  atrium). The SA node is sometimes called the
  hearts natural pacemaker.

35
A pacemaker (or "artificial pacemaker)

• so as not to be confused with the heart's natural
  pacemaker) is a medical device designed to
  regulate the beating of the heart. The purpose of
  an artificial pacemaker is to stimulate the heart
  when either the heart's native pacemaker is not
  fast enough or if there are blocks in the heart's
  electrical conduction system preventing the
  propagation of electrical impulses from the
  native pacemaker to the lower chambers of the
  heart, known as the ventricles.

36
Heart Regulators

• Pacemakers are small electrical generators that
  control your heart beat. They are often just
  called pacers. You may need a pacemaker if you
  have a chronic rhythm problem. The pacemaker is
  one sealed unit, with a battery, some circuitry,
  and a connector block inside.     The battery
  supplies the power. The circuitry is like a
  little computer inside the pacemaker - it changes
  energy from the battery into tiny electrical
  pulses that go to your heart through wires called
  leads. The connector block is plastic, on top of
  the pacemaker. That's where the leads connect to
  the generator unit.

37
Devices that will not affect or damage pacemakers

• CB Radios
• Electric Drills
• Electric Blankets
• Electric Shavers
• Ham Radios
• Heating Pads
• Metal Detectors
• Microwave Ovens
• TV Transmitters
• TV Remote controls
• X-Ray Machines
• Airport Security Detectors

38
Devices that will affect or damage the pacemaker

• Power Generating Equipment
• Welding Equipment
• Certain pieces of equipment used by dentists
• Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI) machines
• Radiation machines for treating cancer
• Heavy equipment or motors that have powerful
  magnets

39
Electrocardiogram

• Reads the electric pulses in the heart

• This picture represents the ECG for a normal heart

40
A pacemaker is about the size of a matchbox. It
is made up of two parts.

• A pulse generator, which includes the battery and
  several electronic circuits
• Wires called leads, which are attached to the
  heart wall. Depending on the type of pacemaker
  you need, there may be one or two leads

41

• WHAT DOES A REAL PACEMAKER LOOK LIKE

42
An X-Ray of a real working pacemaker looks like
this
43
Pacemaker Patients

• For most people, work, hobbies, sexual activity,
  travel, and other aspects of their lifestyles are
  no different once they have a Guidant implanted
  device. It will help you enjoy as active and
  productive a lifestyle as your overall health
  permits.

44
High Blood Pressure

• By Vincent Espinoza

45
What is high blood pressure?

• High blood pressure is when you have a blood
  reading of 140/80mmHg(millimeters in mercury) or
  higher.
• It is high tension in the arteries.
• Also called hypertension.
• It does not mean excessive tension or stress.
• It is able to cause heart disease, kidney
  disease, and stroke.

46
(No Transcript)
47
Facts about high blood pressure

• One in three Americans has high blood pressure.
• It is often called the silent killer because
  there are no symptoms.
• Some people may not find out until they have
  trouble with their hearts, brains, and kidneys.

48
If not found and treated

• It can cause the heart to become larger, which
  may lead to heart problems.
• Small bulges form on the blood vessels.
• Blood vessels in the kidney to narrow.
• Arteries in the body to harden.
• Blood vessels in the eyes the burst or bleed,
  which may cause vision changes or blindness.

49
The types of high blood pressure

• Essential hypertension
• Secondary hypertension

50
Essential hypertension

• Is a far more common condition and accounts for
  95 of hypertension.
• It is multilateral in the sense that there are
  many causes.

51
Secondary hypertension

• Is 5 of hypertension.
• Secondary to a specific abnormality in one or
  more of the organs.

52
Treatment

• Keep in mind that hypertension occurs way before
  it does any damage.
• Increased public awareness is a good treatment.
• Some others are diastolic pressures in
  association with the organs.

53
Goals

• The public awareness is to warn the people of the
  dangers and the good chance that they might have
  it.
• This is because it is obviously easier to treat
  it earlier than later.

54
Sources

• www.medicinet.com
• www.will-net.com

55
Angina

• Cassie Humphrey
• Bio. Med.
• 2006 Summer Institute

56
What Is It?

• Chest pain or discomfort that occurs when the
  heart muscle doesnt get enough blood.
• Symptom of coronary artery disease.
• The heart doesnt receive enough oxygen due to a
  narrowed coronary artery.

57
What Does It Look Like?

• The coronary artery is narrowed reducing the flow
  of oxygen to the heart.
• It is easier for plaque to get inside a narrower
  artery.

58
What Does It Feel Like?

• May feel like pressure or a squeezing pain in
  your chest.
• Pain could also occur in the shoulders, arms,
  neck, jaw, or back.
• Could also feel like indigestion.

59
Types of Angina

• Stable Angina
• Unstable Angina
• Variant Angina

60
Stable Angina

• Most common type of angina.
• Occurs when the heart is working harder than
  usual.
• Regular pattern.
• Pain goes away a few minutes after resting or
  taking medicine.
• Makes it more likely to have a heart attack in
  the future.

61
Unstable Angina

• Very dangerous condition that requires emergency
  treatment.
• Could be a sign that heart attack might occur
  soon.
• Does not follow a pattern.
• Can occur without physical exertion.
• Not relieved by rest or medicine.

62
Variant Angina

• Very rare.
• Usually occurs when one is at rest between
  midnight and in the early morning.
• Pain can be severe.
• Relieved by medicine.

63
Treatments

• Do It Yourself Treatments
• Control high blood pressure
• Quit smoking
• Control cholesterol levels
• Control weight
• Physical activity

• Regular exercise which must be ensured by a
  doctor that it will not trigger angina.
• Control diabetes
• Avoid stress
• Avoid getting cold
• Avoid excessive alcohol

64
More Treatments

• Medications
• Nitroglycerin
• Glycerin Trinitrate Tablets
• Beta Blockers
• Calcium and Channel Blockers

• Surgery
• Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery
• Balloon Angioplasty
• Artery Stent

65
Sources

• http//www.wrongdiagnosis.com/a/angina/treatments.
  htm
• http//www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Angin
  a/Angina_WhatIs.html
• http//www.umm.edu/patiented/graphics/images/en/18
  054.jpg

66
Heart Attack
By Tesia Muth
67
Definition

• Heart attack (myocardial infarction) is a medical
  emergency in which some of the hearts blood
  supply is suddenly and severely reduced or cut
  off, causing the heart muscle (myocardium) to die
  because it is deprived of its oxygen supply.

68
Symptoms

• chest pain or discomfort in the center of the
  chest, heaviness or crushing feeling that
  lasts for more than a few minutes or goes away
  and comes back
• pain or discomfort in other areas of the upper
  body including arms, back, neck, jaw, or stomach

69
More Symptoms

• difficulty breathing, shortness of breath
• sweating or cold sweat
• fullness, indigestion, or choking feeling (may
  feel like heartburn)
• nausea or vomiting
• light-headedness
• extreme weakness or anxiety
• rapid or irregular heart beats

70
Causes

• usually occurs when a blockage in a coronary
  artery reduces or cuts off the blood supply to an
  area of the heart
• a blood clot is the most common cause of a
  blocked coronary artery

71
More Causes

• uncommonly, a heart attack results when a clot
  forms in the heart itself, breaks away, and
  lodges in a coronary artery

72
Complications

• A person who has a heart attack may experience
  any of the following complications Myocardial
  Rupture, Scar Tissue, Ventricular Aneurysm, Blood
  Clots, and Heart Failure.

73
Rehabilitation

• Cardiac rehabilitation, an important part of
  recovery, begins at the hospital.
• Barring complications, people who have had a
  heart attack can usually progress to sitting in a
  chair, passive exercise, use of a commode chair,
  and reading on the first day.

74
More Rehabilitation

• By the second or third day, people are encouraged
  to walk to the bathroom and engage in
  nonstressful activities, and they can perform
  more activities each day.

75
Getting Back on Track

• Most people can return to work and the activities
  they enjoy within a few months of having a heart
  attack.
• For the first few days after your heart attack,
  you may need to rest and let your heart heal.
• You may do stretching exercises and get up and
  walk.

76
Risk Factors for Another Heart Attack

• not exercising
• being overweight
• high cholesterol level
• high blood sugar level if you have diabetes
• high blood pressure
• smoking
• too much stress in your life

77
References

• http//www.clevelandclinic.org/heartcenter/pub/gui
  de/disease/cad/mi_symptoms.htm
• http//www.merck.com/mmhe/print/sec03/ch033/ch033c
  .html
• http//www.familydoctor.org.xml

78
Coronary Bypass Surgery

• By Sara Lilly

79
What is coronary artery bypass surgery?

• type of heart surgery
• reroutes, bypasses blood around clogged
  arteries
• improves blood flow and oxygen flow to the heart

80
Why is bypass needed?

• Coronary arteries (the arteries that carry blood
  to the heart) can become clogged
• clogging is caused by plaque (fat, cholesterol,
  and other substances)
• buildup hinders blood flow through vessels
• lack of blood flow can cause chest pain and or a
  heart attack

81
How is coronary bypass done?

• segment of healthy blood vessel is taken from leg
  to reroute blood through heart
• one end of the vein is sewn onto the aorta and
  the other is grafted below the blockage on the
  coronary artery
• patients can undergo one, two, three or more
  bypasses depending on the extent of the damage

82
Portion of saphenous vein is used to bypass blood
through the heart.
83
After surgery

• Patients blood pressures and heart activity are
  monitored for three to five days
• Patients are given pain killers to keep them
  comfortable
• Tests are done to evaluate patients condition
• A healthy diet and exercise plan are recommended

84
Side Effects

• loss of appetite
• constipation
• swelling
• fatigue
• depression
• difficulty sleeping
• muscle pain or tightness

85
Alternatives to Bypass

• Medications
• Stent
• a wire mesh tube used to prop open an artery
• Angioplasty
• a tiny balloon is inserted into the blocked
  blood vessel and inflated to widen the opening

86
Facts

• Woman have a higher mortality rate than men with
  coronary bypass surgery
• About 7 million Americans suffer from Coronary
  Heart Disease.
• Heart Disease is the number one killer of men and
  women in the U.S. each year
• 500,000 Americans die of heart attacks caused by
  CHD (Coronary Heart Disease).

87

• normal heart
• blockage occurs
• heart becomes deprived of blood
• saphenous vein used to bypass blockage
• vein graft restores normal blood flow to heart

88
Works Cited

• http//www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?ident
  ifier4484
• adam.about.com/ surgery/100190.htm
• www.americanheart.org
• Google images

89
Congestive Heart Failure
By Patsy Stoots
90
Congestive heart failure (CHF), is a condition in
which the heart can't pump enough blood to the
body's other organs.
91
Normal Heart
92
Congestive Heart Failure
93
Causes

• Narrowed arteries that supply blood to the heart
  muscle  coronary artery disease.
• Past heart attack, with scar tissue that
  interferes with the heart muscle's normal work.
• High blood pressure.
• many more

94
Symptoms

• Frequent bathroom usage.
• Tired and weak.
• Weight gain from excess fluid.
• Chest pain.
• Swollen feet, legs, and/or ankles.
• Loss of appetite.
• Swollen neck veins.
• Skin is cold and sweaty.
• Pulse is irregular.

95
Diagnosis

• Most doctors can make a tentative diagnosis of
  CHF from the presence of edema(accumulation of
  fluid) and shortness of breath.
• Crackling sounds of fluid in the lungs can be
  heard with a stethoscope.
• A chest x-ray can show if your heart is enlarged.

96
Treatment-Lifestyle Changes

• If you smoke, quit.
• Learn to control high blood pressure, cholesterol
  levels, and diabetes.
• Eat a sensible diet that is low in calories,
  saturated fat, and salt.
• Limit how much alcohol you drink.
• Weigh yourself daily to watch for fluid buildup.

97
Treatment-Medication

• Vasodilators, such as nitroglycerin, which open
  up narrowed vessels.
• Calcium channel blockers, which keep vessels open
  and lower blood pressure.
• ACE inhibitors, which keep vessels open and lower
  blood pressure.

98
Treatment-Surgical Procedures

• Heart valve repair or replacement
• Pacemaker insertion
• Correction of congenital heart defects
• Coronary artery bypass surgery
• Mechanical assist devices
• Heart transplant

99
Complications

• The heart weakens and can lead to death.

100
References

• http//www.americanheart.org
• http//www.texasheartinstitute.org
• http//www.mayoclinic.com
• http//en.wikipedia.org

101
Effects of Diabetes on the Heart
By Brittany Parsons
102
Diabetes is when your pancreas does not produce
enough insulin for your body. It is a leading
factor in developing heart disease.
103
Signs Symptoms
? Increased thirst? Extreme hunger? Rapid
weight loss? Blurred Vision? Fatigue
104
Causes
? Genetics? Not eating right? Exposure to
certain viruses
105
Risk Factors
Family History Race
?
?
106
Screening Diagnosis
Random blood sugar tests Fasting blood
glucose tests
107
Short Term Complications
Low Blood Sugar Increased Blood Acids
108
Long Term Complications
Cardiovascular disease Nerve damage Kidney
damage Eye damage Skin conditions
109
Treatment
Blood Sugar MonitoringEating RightExercisingMed
icationsPancreas TransplantsIslet Cell
Transplants
110
Self Care
Make a commitment to manage your diabetesYearly
PhysicalHave needed vaccinationsTake care of
your feetDont smoke
111
More Self Care
Avoid alcoholTake aspirin dailyMonitor your
blood pressureMonitor blood fatsLearn to manage
stress
112
References
http//www.mayoclinic.comhttp//www.uab.eduhtt
p//www.diabetes.comhttp//www.lifeclinic.com