Western Europe Emerging European Monarchies

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Western Europe Emerging European Monarchies

• Evolution of Monarchy

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England

• Alfred the Great (871-899)
• Finally conquered the Danish and re-established
  Anglo-Saxon law. Actually only part of England
  was his kingdom but his learned ways spread
  throughout the island. He was a great scholar
  forced to become a soldier. After the Danes were
  finally forced out off the island Alfred began
  re-educating the priests and monks who had
  forgotten Latin and also began the Anglo-Saxon
  Chronicles a great historical source.
• His sons and grandson, three different Edwards
  continued to fight with the Danes until the last
  Edward the Confessor seceded Canute the Dane the
  last of the Danes in England.
• William the Conqueror(Norman)(cousin to Edward
  the Confessor)(1066-1087)
• Illegitimate son of Robert of Normandy. Claimed
  a right to the English throne after there were no
  sons from Edward the Confessor. He named himself
  king of England after defeating the Anglo-Saxons
  at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. The nobles
  had chosen Edward another nephew to reign instead
  of William. He altered the feudal system in
  England by making all the lords and nobles swear
  allegiance to him thereby going around all the
  lesser kings and nobles of the land.
• Doomsday Book (1086) a census book for taxes but
  chronicles the history of England

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William the ConquerorBattle of Hastings,
1066(Bayeaux Tapestry)
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England

• Henry I
• Created the Office of Exchequer to handle the
  kingdoms finances. He sent traveling judges to
  try cases. These judges superceded the Lords
  law which made enforcement of the law more
  universal and consistent and undermined the power
  of the Lords.
• Henry II (Sons were Geoffrey (died early), John
  and Richard the Lionhart)
• Married to Eleanor of Aquitaine thereby doubling
  the size of his territory.
• Allowed the nobles to pay him money instead of
  sending knights. He then hired the knights
  himself. These knights owed their allegiance to
  Henry instead of the Lords. He later created a
  national army by requiring every freeman to
  serve. He further expanded the power of the
  circuit judges by creating juries that determine
  whether or not a case was tried. He sought to
  decrease the churchs authority but failed. His
  three sons fought over his kingdom after his
  death.
• John
• Forced the nobles to pay high taxes which they
  considered unjust. They forced him to sign the
  Magna Carta (1215), a document that reduced the
  power of the King.

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Magna Carta 1215

• King John I signed
• Runnymeade
• Great Charter
• monarchs were not above the law.
• kings had to consult a council of advisors.
• kings could not tax arbitrarily.
• Provided rights to the Barons of England

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Limitations on Monarch

• Great Council Parliament
• First the Great Council was created when the
  nobles revolted against Henry III in 1260. In
  this council, knights and burgesses were
  represented. Later divided into tow houses-House
  of Lords and the House of Commons. Its key power
  was that of refusing to agree to new and special
  taxes. Later called Parliament.
• Eleanor of Aquitaine
• Bridged both France and Englands history.
  Married and divorced to the king of France. She
  controlled Glascony, Aquitaine and other holdings
  on the continent of Europe. When she married
  Henry II this territory could be inherited by her
  sons, Richard, John or Geoffrey. The sons fought
  over these territories and other English
  holdings.

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France

• Clovis
• Last of the Merovian rulers
• Pepin II
• Appointed Mayor of the Palace
• Charles Martel
• Mayor of the Palace became and inherited
  position. Defeated the Moors at the Battle of
  Tours. The Moors were the Muslims living on the
  Iberian Peninsula. Halted the spread of Islam
  into Europe.
• Pepin III
• Crowned by the Pope.
• Charlemagne (Charles the Gross, Charles the
  Great)
• United much of Europe by forcing out the Avars
  and controlling the Bavarian princess. This
  process took over 30 years but he brought some
  stability to Europe. He strengthened the hold of
  the church and returned the Papal States to the
  church. For his efforts he was crowned "To
  Charles the August, crowned by God, great and
  pacific emperor, long life and victory!" on
  Christmas day 800 AD. This actually begins the
  Holy Roman Empire but Charlemagne never uses the
  title Holy Roman Emperor. He built learning
  centers throughout Europe and left libraries ,
  encouraged learning. Although considered
  civilized as he often pardoned his enemies on one
  occasion ordered 4500 Saxons beheaded after a
  Saxon uprising. His Grandsons divided his
  empire after Charlemagnes sons death. With the
  Treaty of Verdun hopes of a centralized
  government in Europe were again delayed.

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Limit powers

• Hugh Capet first of the Captien Kings)
• Chosen king after the last of the Carolinigian
  kings die in 987. This begins the Capetain
  dynasty in France that ends in the 14th century.
  These Capetain kings set up two new governmental
  departments the Chamber of Accounts and the
  Parliament of Paris.
• Philip Augustus (1180-1223)
• Louis IX (1226-1270)
• Extension of royal justice through Parlement or
  judging districts

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Holy Roman Empire

• Otto the Great (or Otto I)
• The first Emperor of the New Holy Roman Empire,
  called himself Holy Roman Emperor. All of the
  Holy Roman Emperors, as protectors of the church,
  had control over the selection of the Pope.
• This later sets up a struggle between Henry IV
  and Pope Gregory VII
• The battle was over whether or not a layman,
  someone outside the church, could appoint a
  Bishop, a practice called lay investiture. This
  issue was later settled and is called the
  Concordat (binding agreement) of Worms.

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HRE

• Frederick I
• Tried to take the rich city-states in northern
  Italy, which caused the formation of the Lombard
  League, a defensive league of the Northern
  Italian city-states, organized to defeat
  Frederick.
• The view of kings as holy and untouchable
• Origin of political instability and fragmentation
  of monarchical power
• Frederick II (1212-1250) first feudal monarch to
  establish a centralized administration and an
  army of soldiers paid in cash

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The Marriage of Ferdinand Of Aragon and Isabella
of Castile Unified Spain
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Role of the Roman Catholic church

• Conversion of nomadic people in Western Europe
  creates a more sedentary climate
• Continues to provide stability but institutions
  become corrupt
• Acquires property and competes with nobility
• Henry IV and Pope Gregory and issue of lay
  investiture

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Church

• Pope Innocent III
• Led the papacy to the height of its power,
  dominating almost all of Europe.
• Four Major Problems of the Church
• Lay Investiture (who would appoint officials)
• Worldly lives of the clergy
• Simony (buying a church office)
• Heresy (attacking teachings of church)
• The Inquisition begins as investigations of those
  committing acts of heresy
• Four Powers of the Church
• Excommunication
• Interdiction
• Taxation
• Its own Laws and Courts (it was above the law of
  the land)

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The Inquisition

• A court established by the Catholic Church in
  1232 to discover try heretics also was called
  the Holy Office
• Heresy/heretics denial of basic church
  doctrines
• Dominicans became well known for their role as
  examiners of people suspected of Heresy
• Public penance/punishment was the result
• Those who did not confess voluntarily were
  tortured until they did confess many were
  turned over to the state for execution
• Heresy was a crime against God humanity

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Crusades

• Series of wars from 1095 until 1250
• Initially a weakened church called for the
  crusades
• Western European knights traveled with others who
  went for a variety of reasons
• Claim was to regain the Holy Land