Modern European History I HIS-106

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Modern European History I HIS-106

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Title: Modern European History I HIS-106

1
Modern European History IHIS-106

Unit 4
The rise of western Europe
1640-1715

2
Balance of Power

One of the major concerns of Europe beginning in
the second half of the 17th century dealt with
the balance of power in Europe
Many leaders were fearful of what was going to
happen to the Spanish empire
Spain was already in the process of
self-destructing
In 1665 Charles II took the Spanish throne
He had been sickly and a bit insane since
childhood, mainly due to too much inbreeding in
the Habsburg line
He was also impotent which meant that there would
be no direct heir to the Spanish throne when he
died

3
Balance of Power

One of the people most interested in taking
advantage of this situation was King Louis XIV of
France
He was looking to extend his power to include the
Spanish territories
Not only would he have supremacy over most of
Europe but in the New World as well
He did have a potential claim, albeit a distance
one, to the Spanish empire as he married Charles
sister, Maria Theresa
To bring about this end, he involved France into
a series of wars

4
Balance of Power

If Louis had succeeded, this would have tipped
the balance of power in Europe well into his
favor
This was not a popular idea with the rest of the
leaders of Europe
In the previous hundred years, the threat of
Habsburg dominance over Europe was tempered by
France
France set a precedent of allying itself with
other smaller powers to help off-set the
dominance of the Habsburgs
This is why they were willing to ally themselves
with what would seem like natural enemies (e.g.,
the Protestants)

5
Balance of Power

Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, keeping
the balance of power was a high priority for most
of Europe
The purpose was to keep one state from dominating
and preserving the overall liberties of Europe
This was very effective because of the large
number of states in Europe that could be used as
an ally, including even the small states like the
Netherlands
As Louis XIV began to show his aggression in
Europe, it was the Dutch who began to challenge
the French

The Dutch Republic (c. 1658)

7
The Dutch Republic

After signing the Twelve Years Truce in 1609, the
United Provinces of the Netherlands (aka the
Dutch Republic) entered into a century of
prosperity
By 1600, the Dutch Republic had over 10,000 ships
During the 17th century, the Dutch set up
colonies all over the world and dominated
shipping
The Dutch East India Company was successful at
opening up Dutch markets throughout the Far East
including Japan
The Dutch West India Company created the colony
of New Netherlands with New Amsterdam as its
capital
They also heavily settled South Africa

8
The Dutch Republic

With this prosperity, there is also the rise of
the banking industry
The Bank of Amsterdam was created in 1609 which
helped to standardize the currency
Amsterdam became the financial center of Europe
for the next 200 years
The country as a whole enjoyed freedoms as well
While Calvinism was the dominant religion, most
religions were tolerated in the Republic
including Jews, Mennonites and other Christian
sects
There was also an intellectual and cultural
renaissance during this period

9
The Dutch Republic

The government of the United Provinces was a
republic
The central power was the States General (Staten
Generaal) that had been around since the 1580s
It was made up of representatives from the seven
provinces and each province had one vote
They were responsible for governing the Republic
from military needs to foreign policy to granting
charters to trading companies
Each province had its own assembly with an
elected stadholder in charge

10
The Dutch Republic

Most of the politics was controlled by the
burgher class
These were the wealthy merchants
One of the most powerful families in the Republic
was the house of Orange
They were usually turned to in times for
leadership, especially since they provided for
most of the military
Usually the stadholder was elected from this
house
When William II of Orange died in 1650, no new
stadholder was elected for 22 years
Instead, the Republic was run mainly by the
burghers

William II of Orange and Mary Stuart

12
Trouble with England

In the middle of the 17th century, England was
looking to expand its overseas presence
At the time, England was angry with the Dutch for
not allying with them to seize control of Spanish
and Portuguese possessions overseas
In 1651, it passed the Navigation Act
This act banned the use of foreign ships from
shipping goods outside of Europe to England or
its colonies
It also banned foreign ships from shipping goods
to England from the rest of Europe
It was specifically designed to hurt the Dutch
since their economy was based on shipping

13
Trouble with England

From 1652 to 1674, the Dutch became involved in
three separate wars
The First Anglo-Dutch War (1652-1654) was mostly
fought at sea
It began when English ships attacked Dutch
merchant ships
In the end, the Dutch were forced to state that
they would respect the Navigation Act
It also included a secret Act of Seclusion which
stated that the Dutch would not allow William III
of Orange from becoming stadtholder

14
Trouble with England

However, this peace does nothing to end the
rivalry between England and the Dutch Republic
The Dutch continued to trade to English colonies
Because of this, the English wanted to put an end
to dominance of Dutch shipping
However, England had cash problems between the
two disasters of 1665-1666
This was due to the Great Plague and Great Fire
of London
The English were forced to finance their navy
with goods and supplies captured from Dutch ships

15
Trouble with England

Second Anglo-Dutch War (1665-1667)
At the beginning of the war, the English were
successful
However, the English were quickly running out of
money and started talks with the Dutch for peace
In June 1667, the Dutch attacked the English
fleet in port at Medway, destroying it
Treaty of Breda - July 31, 1667
The English were able to keep New Netherlands
They had taken the colony in 1664
The Navigation Act was modified to allow the
Dutch to ship goods from Germany to England

16
Trouble With French

As the Dutch were being terrorized by the English
at sea, the French were a threat on land
Louis XIV began attacking the Spanish Netherlands
As his troops got closer to the Dutch Republic,
the Dutch were willing to turn aside their
dispute with the English to get help against the
French
Forming the Triple Alliance, the Dutch, English
and Swedish were able to push back the French the
first time in the War of Devolution
On the second attempt, during the Franco-Dutch
War, Louis was able to occupy three of the seven
Dutch provinces

William III Prince of Orange

18
William III of Orange

It is with this war that the Dutch called for a
young William the III of Orange to take control
as stadtholder
William III of Orange was born eight days after
his fathers death in 1650
He was plain, well educated man who preferred a
nice simple life
Six of the seven provinces elected him as
stadtholder and he was able to organize the Dutch
resistance to the French
Little did anybody know that he would turn into
Louis XIVs greatest enemy

19
William III of Orange

To deal with this threat from France, William
allied himself with Denmark and Brandenburg
This alliance was successful and Louis was forced
to sue for peace
William also gained a strong alliance by marrying
Mary Stuart in 1677
She was the niece of King Charles II of England
In 1689, after the Glorious Revolution, William
and Mary became the monarchs of England
As king of England, William becomes an even
greater thorn in Louis side

James I (1603-1625)

21
Troubles in England

With the death of Elizabeth I in 1603, the Tudor
dynasty came to an end
Her cousin, James VI of Scotland would become
king, founding the Stuart dynasty
The first two Stuart monarchs, James I and
Charles I, would be plagued with both political
and religious trouble
There would be a struggle between king and
Parliament over who has more authority
There would also be struggles between the
Anglicans and the Catholics and Puritans
These would culminate into a civil war

22
Troubles in England

General causes of the civil war
Constitutional hostilities between king and
Parliament
Religious animosities
Power struggles between competing aristocratic
factions at court
Outdated fiscal system
Rebellion in Ireland
Widespread crop failures
James I (1603-1625)
Many considered him to be a foreigner as he was
Scottish
He was described as possessing little dignity,
having ungracious manners, a blundering tongue,
and he drooled when he spoke
Henry IV of France called him the wisest fool in
Christianity

23
James I (1603-1625)

James reign was going to be divided up into two
main points of contention
One was religious and the other was his
relationship with Parliament
The religious controversy was with the Catholics
and the Puritans
Neither of these groups had been happy with the
Elizabethan Compromise
Puritans wanted a more Calvinistic styled church
and a new Bible
Catholics turned to violence when James refused
to lift the restrictions against them
Most famous plot was the Gunpowder Plot of 1605

24
James I (1603-1625)

James was not going to have a good relationship
with Parliament either
He strongly believed in the divine right of kings
England was heavily in debt when he took the
throne
It continued to increase over the course of his
reign
Parliament tried to assert its power through
control of taxation
James refused to cooperate, dissolved Parliament,
and collected taxes without their consent
He also began selling peerages to the highest
bidder in an effort to raise money
A new landless title of Baronet was available for
1,095, Baron could be bought for 8,000 and Earl
for 10,000

Charles I
(1625-1649)

26
Charles I (1625-1649)

From the very beginning Charles had issues with
Parliament
Charles was arrogant and just like his father
strongly believed in the divine right of kings
The main focus of this conflict was on money
Every time Charles tried to get more funds from
Parliament, they would respond with either a
small sum of money or an outright rejection
This frustrated him so much that he dissolved
Parliament three times over the course of his
reign
Instead he was forced to find other ways of
collecting money
Forced loans from the wealthy
Collection of custom duties without Parliamentary
approval

27
Charles I (1625-1649)

In 1628, Parliament issued the Petition of Right
This was a list of grievances against the crown
in which Parliament prohibited
Taxes without their consent
Arbitrary imprisonment
The declaration of martial law in peacetime
The quartering of soldiers in private houses
Charles dismissed Parliament in 1629
During this time, Charles pursued a course called
personal rule
The English called it the Eleven Year Tyranny
Instituted mass collection of the Ships Money

28
Charles I (1625-1649)

Charles finally had to recall Parliament again in
1640
The Presbyterians in Scotland began a revolt
He needed large amounts of money to put down the
revolt
Parliament began stripping Charles of much of his
power
This included abolition of arbitrary courts and
any taxes collected by the king without
Parliaments consent
It then passed the Triennial Act
Parliament must meet at least once every three
years
In October 1641, a Catholic rebellion broke out
in Ireland
Many blamed the Catholic Queen Henrietta Maria
for this as a ploy to bring Catholicism back to
England

29
Charles I (1625-1649)

In late 1641, a rumor spread that Parliament was
going to impeach the Queen on charges of treason
Charles responded by bringing 400 troops into
London
He planned to arrest five Puritan members of the
House of Commons on charges of treason
However, they had been tipped off and fled to
safety
Fearing for his own safety, Charles left London
Many royalists left London as well to be with the
king
He attempted to negotiate with Parliament
throughout the summer of 1641
When that failed, he went to gather enough troops
to force Parliament out

Oliver Cromwell Lord Protector
(1653-1658)

31
English Civil War (1642-1649)

There were two sides to the civil war
The Cavaliers
These were followers of the king
They were primarily members of the nobility and
moderate Protestants
The Roundheads
These were the supporters of Parliament
They were called roundheads because of their
haircuts
They were primarily merchants, tradesmen, and
farmers
First phase of the war (1642-1646)
The Cavaliers had the better trained army which
allowed them key victories in the beginning

32
English Civil War (1642-1649)

Rise of the Independents
Radical Puritans led by Oliver Cromwell
Distrusted the king and wanted to bring about
religious tolerance
New Model Army
Roundheads reorganized their army in 1645
People were placed in the army based on their
skill rather than social rank
Many of the Puritans believed that they were
doing battle for the Lord
This change of strategy led to victories for the
Roundheads

33
English Civil War (1642-1649)

In 1646, Charles surrendered to the Scots
Many Puritans wanted to restore Charles to the
throne
They wanted a Presbyterian state church and
attempted negotiations with Charles
In the meantime, Charles fled London in 1647
He was able to regroup and get enough forces to
start the second phase of the war (1648-1649)
Cromwell defeated the king in a very short
campaign
Charles was forced to surrender
The big question was what to do with Charles?
While some were upset with Charles betrayal,
many MPs were still willing to negotiate with him
However, the army was not

34
English Civil War (1642-1649)

Cromwell brought the army into London and then
directly into Parliament
45 MPs were arrested as part of Prides Purge
Those who remained made up the Rump Parliament
Cromwell ordered the trial of the king in January
1649
While a majority of the population disliked
Charles, they were against the execution of the
king
Even still, the 59 judges found him guilty
On January 30, 1649 Charles was executed
He was beheaded at the Palace of Whitehall

Execution of Charles I (January 30, 1649)

36
The Commonwealth (1649-1653)

After the death of Charles, the Rump Parliament
abolished the monarchy and House of Lords
Creation of a Commonwealth in May 1649
A Council of State was put together to handle
foreign and domestic policy
Government was set up along the lines of a
Calvinistic theocracy
Some religious reforms took place but economic
problems prevented major changes
On April 20, 1653, Cromwell ended the
Commonwealth
He was dissatisfied with the Parliament, accusing
them of not being godly enough
Ye have no more religion than my horse gold is
your God

37
Protectorate (1653-1658)

On December 16, 1653, the Protectorate was
established
Cromwell was given the title Lord Protector
This made him the sole ruler of England
Thinly disguised autocracy
He instituted the Rule of Major-Generals in
August 1655
This ended up creating a virtual military state
in England
It was more absolute than the previous monarchs
Cromwell died on September 3, 1658
His son Richard became Protectorate
By this point, the people of England wanted a
king back in power
They began negotiating with Charles son to take
the throne

Charles II
(1660-1685)

39
Charles II (1660-1685)

Under the leadership of General George Monck, the
English invited Charles son, Charles II, to rule
as monarch
Charles had been raised in France and considered
himself Catholic
This was done under the conditions that he would
rule as a Protestant king and he would rule under
a constitutional monarchy
In 1660, Charles II assumed the throne of England
He had to do so under certain conditions
He was required to rule as a Protestant king
He was required to accept a constitutional
monarchy
He agreed to observe both the Magna Carta (1215)
and the Petition of Right (1628)

40
Charles II (1660-1685)

With his ascension, the entire mood of England
changed
Many members of court were glad to see the end of
Puritan control
His court became the center for sexuality with
risqué behavior, dancing, and theater
Thus he earned the nickname the Merrie Monarch
One of the first things he did was to try those
who had been responsible for his fathers
execution
Those who were alive were tried and executed
Oliver Cromwells body was dug up, drawn and
quartered, and his head put on the end of a pike
in front of Westminster Abbey until 1685
His head was not buried until 1960

The mummified head of Oliver Cromwell

42
Domestic Policies

There was still some tension between the king and
Parliament
Cavalier Parliament (1661-1679)
It was heavily royalist but wanted to limit the
power of the king
The focus of this parliament was religion
Specifically they wanted to limit the threat of
the non-conformist (radical Protestant) groups
Lord Chancellor, Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon,
put together a series of religious laws known as
the Clarendon Codes
They made it difficult for non-conformists to
meet and worship

43
Domestic Policies

Then, in 1665 to 1666, London was hit with two
major disasters
The Great Plague of London (July 1665-September
1666)
It killed between 75,000 and 100,000 people which
was 1/5 of Londons population
At one point 7,000 were dying a week
The Great Fire of London (September 2-5, 1666)
It destroyed the homes of 70,000 of Londons
80,000 inhabitants
It did, however, have the benefit of ending the
plague

Great Fire of London (September 2-5, 1666)

45
Charles Foreign Policy

Charles foreign policy began to negatively
impact his relationship with Parliament
England became involved in two wars with the
Dutch
Both were attempts to end the Dutch domination
of world trade, especially in the New World
In one instance, the Dutch fleet was able to sail
up the Thames River and destroy most of the
English fleet
In the end, England lost both wars
In 1668, England joined the Triple Alliance
against Louis XIV in the War of Devolution
England was pressured into it by the Dutch
Even though Louis conceded, it was not a popular
war with Parliament

46
Charles Foreign Policy

Treaty of Dover (1670)
England would help France conquer the Spanish
Netherlands
France would provide 6,000 troops and 200,000 to
help bring back Catholicism to England
Louis did not trust Charles desire to convert
England
He was more interested in the military benefits
that England could provide
Third Anglo-Dutch War (1672-1674)
This was part of the Franco-Dutch War
After a series of failures, Parliament forced the
king to negotiate a peace with the Dutch in 1674

47
Charles Clash With Parliament

Parliament was afraid that Charles would do two
things
Change his policies to favor Catholicism
Become a more absolutist style of monarch
In 1669, a rumor spread that Charles wanted to
openly convert to Catholicism
Part of this included bringing Catholicism back
to England
However, there is no proof that Charles planned
on officially converting before 1685
Royal Declaration of Indulgence (1672)
It suspended the restrictions on the recusants
It also removed the criminal laws against being a
recusant
Parliament forced Charles to withdraw it

48
Charles Clash With Parliament

Parliament felt threatened by Charles actions
Test Acts of 1673 and 1678
Designed to keep England moderate Anglican
Aimed at Catholics (only 2 of the total
population)
All public officials were required to denounce
transubstantiation and take oaths of allegiance
and supremacy
They were also to receive communion in the
Anglican church within three months of their
appointment
Another issue was the line of succession
Charles wife was unable to give birth to an heir
Her pregnancies ended in either miscarriage or
stillbirth
Charles had 14 illegitimate children through his
mistresses

Catherine of Braganza
Queen Consort
(1662-1685)

50
Problems with Succession

Next was Charles brother, James Duke of York
He had openly converted to Catholicism in 1668
This made him unpopular as the next in line
Exclusion Bills (1679-1681)
Parliaments attempted to ban James from
succession
Charles dissolved each Parliament to prevent its
passage
Parliament split into two parties
Whig Favored exclusion
Tory Supported James in line for the throne
On February 6, 1685 Charles died of renal failure
On his deathbed, he converted to Catholicism

James II
(1685-1688)

52
James II (1685-1688)

When James ascended to the throne in 1685, he had
two very distinct aims
Make himself the absolute monarch of England
Reestablish the Catholic Church in England
Monmouths Rebellion (1685)
Some Protestants began rallying around James Duke
of Monmouth
He was one of Charles illegitimate sons
The rebellion was quickly and violently put down
Monmouth was executed in elaborate fashion
James used this opportunity to raise a large army
Included placing Catholics in high military
positions

53
James II (1685-1688)

Parliament visibly opposed this move
James suspended Parliament in November 1685
He never called it again for the remainder of his
reign
In 1686, James replaced many members of the Court
of Kings Bench
Their rulings allowed the king to excuse certain
people from the oath required in the Test Acts
Now Catholics could hold positions in government,
including high offices and positions in the
Anglican Church
Also that year, a papal nuncio (envoy) was
appointed to England
This was the first one since the reign of Queen
Mary

54
James II (1685-1688)

On April 4, 1687, James issued the Declaration of
Indulgence
It suspended all punishments for recusants
People were now permitted to worship any religion
other than Church of England
It eliminated the religious oaths for public
officials
It essentially negated the Test Acts
Why did the people of England not revolt against
James?
He was old
The two children by his first wife, Mary and
Anne, had been raised Protestant
His second wife, Mary of Modena, had not produced
any children

55
James II (1685-1688)

Protestants had already contacted William III of
Orange
He was married to Princess Mary, the heir
presumptive
William and Mary were to take the throne when
James died
On June 10, 1688 Queen Mary gave birth to a son
There was now a male heir who was to be raised
Catholic
On June 30, nobles contacted William and Mary
They promised him military aid if they were to
come to England to depose of James
James heard about this but was not concerned
He believed his army was powerful enough army to
repel such an invasion
He did not to anything additional to prevent it

Mary of Modena
Queen Consort
(1685-1688)

57
The Glorious Revolution

On November 5, 1688, William arrived in England
Protestant winds prevented the English navy
from attacking the landing party
He had between 18,000-21,000 man army
When he landed he was greeting with popular
support
James fled to France (December 23)
William allowed James to escape
No blood was shed in England
There were, however, battles fought in Ireland
and Scotland
Parliament now got its limited monarchy

58
The Glorious Revolution

Convention Parliament confirmed the succession of
Mary and William to the throne
Declaration of Right (February 13, 1689)
It stated that James, by the assistance of
diverse evil counselors, judges, and ministers
employed by him, did endeavor to subvert and
extirpate the Protestant religion and the laws
and liberties of this kingdom
William and Mary were the legitimate monarchs as
James vacated the throne
Stipulated that if any member of the royal house
converts or marries a Catholic, they will be
excluded from inheriting the throne
Both had to agree to the terms of the Declaration
if they were to take the throne

59
The Glorious Revolution

Bill of Rights (1689)
Parliaments approval was required for keeping a
standing army and raising taxes
Free elections of Parliamentary members without
interference from the monarchy
Guaranteed freedom of speech inside Parliament
Protected the Protestants from another Catholic
monarch
All monarchs must swear an oath on coronation day
to uphold the Protestant religion
Confirmed succession through Marys line, not her
fathers
If Mary did not have any children, the throne
would be passed on to her Protestant sister, Anne

Louis XIV
(1643-1716)

61
Absolutism

From 1540 to 1660, Europe had been wracked with
political rebellion, religious wars, and social
upheaval
People were looking to the state to give them the
peace and security they were looking for
This set the stage for the rise of absolutism
Absolutism is a form of government in which one
body controls the right to make war, tax, judge,
and coin money
The ultimate authority rested in the hands of a
king
The king also claimed to rule by divine right
The king answers to no one and no one has any say
in his decisions

62
Absolutism

Absolute monarchs sought to have
Full command of the states armed forces
Full control over its legal system
The right to collect and spend the states
financial resources at will
A number of political theorists supported the
idea of an absolute monarch
Thomas Hobbes - (1588-1679)
In his Leviathan (1651), Hobbes explained that it
was the nature of man to be at war with each
other
A strong government was necessary to keep the
order

63
Absolutism

Bishop Jacques Bossuet (1627-1704)
He strongly believed in the divine rule of kings
This stated that the government was divinely
ordained so that humans could live in an
organized society and God established kings
Through the kings, God reigned over all the
peoples of the world
Absolute authority of kings
Since the kings received their power from God,
their authority was absolute
This meant the kings were responsible to no
oneincluding parliamentexcept God
Kings limited by the law of God
Although the king's authority was absolute, his
power was not since he was limited by the law of
God

64
Absolutism

In order to transition to an absolute monarchy,
the monarchs needed to make a number of changes
to solidify their power
Namely, kings need to get rid of their two main
competitors the nobility and the church
One of the ways to limit the power of both groups
was to create an efficient, central bureaucracy
This bureaucracy would owe its allegiance
directly to the monarch himself
It was expensive to do so but necessary to weaken
the other two groups

65
Absolutism

Each monarch had his own way of dealing with the
nobility
Many pitted the middle class against the nobility
The rising wealth of the middle class and their
desire for political power made them an ideal
ally for the king
Others created a modus vivendi they convinced
their nobles to view their own interests as tied
to those of the crown
Louis XIV did this by making the nobility reside
at Versailles
How the monarch dealt with the clergy depended on
the state religion
In Protestant countries, the church has already
been subordinated to the interests of the states
In Catholic countries, the monarchs focused their
attentions on consolidating their authority over
the church

66
Louis XIV (1643-1716)

Louis came of age in 1651
Fronde died down
Impacted Louis perception of nobility
Mazarin died in 1661
Louis named himself first minister
Securing absolute power
Divine right of kings
Motus Vivendi with nobility
Versailles
66.6 million livres for the château
91.7 million livres in operation costs

Palace at Versailles

68
Louis XIV (1643-1716)

In 1661, France was on the verge of bankruptcy
Involvement in numerous war
Hired Jean Baptist Colbert as finance minister
Rework the countrys finances
Louis could afford to maintain the extravagances
Colbert was effective
He was a mercantilist
Focused on improving domestic goods
Fixed problems with tax farming (25 to 80)
Raised taxes to bring in additional income

Jean Baptiste Colbert
Chief Financial Minister (1664 to 1683)

70
Louis XIV (1643-1716)

Religion what was good for him was good for
France
Forced Catholicism to be only religion
Huguenots were pressured to convert
Louis first offered bribes
Then hired dragonnades to torment them
Passed decrees to make their lives difficult
Edict of Fontainebleau (October 22, 1685)
Revoked the Edict of Nantes
Protestantism now illegal in France
Over 200,000 Huguenots were forced to flee

Dragonnades terrorizing French Protestants

72
Wars of Louis XIV

Louis had two objectives throughout his reign
Diminish the power of the Habsburgs
Promote royal interests
Louis wanted both internal success and
international glory
He wanted to show how powerful he was to the rest
of Europe
From 1661 to 1715, France almost constantly at
war
The War of Devolution (1667-68)
Franco-Dutch War (1672-1678)
War of the League of Augsburg (1688-1697)
War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713)

73
The War of Devolution (1667-68)

In 1665, King Philip IV of Spain died
He was succeeded by his son, Charles II
Part of his inheritance was Brabant
Louis argued that Charles II could not inherit
this province
Local law prevented it
It should devolve to the first wifes daughter
Maria Theresa
Charles refused
Louis invaded the Spanish Netherlands in 1667
Spain was weak and ill-equipped
French troops dominated in the beginning
The United Netherlands did not like this

74
The War of Devolution (1667-68)

Triple Alliance (1668)
Between Netherlands, England, and Sweden
None were comfortable with Louis controlling the
Spanish Netherlands
Louis did not have the troops to face the Triple
Alliance
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (May 2, 1668)
The Spanish Netherlands returned to Spain
France got very little territory
Louis felt betrayed by the Dutch
The French had helped the Dutch gain independence
He believed the Dutch should have shown him some
loyalty

75
Franco-Dutch War (1672-1678)

Treaty of Dover (1670)
England would help France get the Spanish
Netherlands
France would help bring back Catholicism
In 1672, Louis invaded the Spanish Netherlands
England provided naval support
He quickly overtook three of the seven Dutch
provinces
Dutch led by William III of Orange
Pushed the French out by 1673
Treaty of Nijmegen (August 10, 1678)
Negotiated due to financial strain
France received Franche-Comté and a few cities
William of Orange becomes the leader of
resistance against Louis

Emperor Leopold I
(1658-1705)

77
War of the League of Augsburg

In 1680s, Louis turned his attention to Germany
Wanted to exert his influence over the states in
the Rhine
League of Augsburg (1686)
Organized by Emperor Leopold I
Designed to protect the Rhine against an invasion
by Louis
Included a number of German states as well as
Sweden and Spain
Two well matched armies
France had had the most powerful army in Europe
and his navy was far superior than the Dutch and
English navies combined
Leopold had been successfully defeating the Turks
in Austria

78
War of the League of Augsburg

In September 1688, Louis sent troops into the
Rhine
William became king of England in January 1689
He joined the League
The war spread throughout the world
Most was fought on continental Europe
In the Americas it was known as King Williams
War
It was mostly a war of attrition
Treaty of Ryswick (September 20, 1697)
France was able to keep some territory, including
Alsace
All territory seized in the Rhine went back to
pre-war borders
France had to recognize William as the legitimate
king of England

Charles II of Spain
(1665-1700)

Lineage of Charles II of Spain

81
The Problem of Spanish Succession

Controversy over Spanish throne in 1690s
Charles II had no direct heir to the throne
The next person in line was Louis son, Louis le
grand dauphin
Third in line was the Habsburg Emperor Leopold I
Negotiations began to protect the balance of
power
First Partition Treaty(1698)
In 1698, the First Partition Treaty was signed
Joseph Ferdinand of Bavaria designated as heir to
the throne
Charles agreed to this
Joseph Ferdinand died in 1699 of smallpox

82
The Problem of Spanish Succession

Second Partition Treaty (1700)
Throne would go to Leopolds second son, Archduke
Charles of Austria
Part of this agreement included having Italy go
to France
Charles did not like it as it meant dividing
Spanish territory
Charles died on November 1, 1700
In his will, Charles selected Philip of Anjou as
his heir
Philip was grandson of Louis XIV
He would have to renounce all claims to the
French throne
He also had to keep the Spanish empire in tact
Philip took the throne as Philip V

Habsburg Family Lineage

84
War of the Spanish Succession

Louis invaded the Spanish Netherlands in 1701
Most of Europe participated in the war
On one side was Spain and France
On the other was Leopold, England, the Dutch, and
Austria
The war was fought mainly in the Low Countries
and Germany
Casualties were high on both sides (400,000 were
killed)
Also fought in the Americas as Queen Annes War
From the beginning, France was losing most of the
battles
In 1708, Louis was on the verge of defeat
Began negotiations with other side

85
War of the Spanish Succession

Alliance wanted Louis to use French troops to
oust Philip
He refused
On April 17, 1711, Emperor Joseph I died
This was Archduke Charles older brother
Charles was now the Holy Roman Emperor (Charles
VI)
The balance of power was once again threatened
If the alliance won, Charles would have both the
Empire and Spain
Each of the members began negotiating separate
treaties
They were collectively known as the Peace at
Utrecht

86
Peace at Utrecht (1713)

It set down the following
Philip V would remain King of Spain and all its
colonies
Philip renounced any claims to the French throne
for him or any of his descendants
Charles VI received the Spanish Netherlands and
Naples
France would give England
Hudson Bay Company in North America
Caribbean island of St. Kitts
England would receive the right from Spain to
transport and sell slaves from Africa to Spanish
America
This made them the principle slave traders in the
Americas