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A United Europe? A Common Heritage?
The Legacy of Antiquity
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Classical Greece 600 to 337 BC
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• independent city-states (polis) grew up
• surrounding mountains provided protection
• they built encircling walls and a fort
  (acropolis) was built on a high place inside
• Athens Sparta were the two most important of
  many
• each had own customs, laws forms of government
• they tended to expand towards Black Sea Africa
• they were very competitive with each other
• they fought hard for freedom, especially against
  the Persians
• they were traders, sailors adventurers
• also philosophers influenced many faraway
  cultures
• built philosophies based on observation, reason
  discussion

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Classical Greece 600 to 337 BC
(the importance of the Battle of Marathon)
A biography ofAlexander the Great

• they triumphed at Battles of Marathon Salamis
  around 480BC
• from 431 they spent over 25 years fighting each
  other in the Peloponnesian War
• Sparta feared the growth of Athenian power, so
  the city-states never became a united country
• city-states united to fight off the Persians
• disunity resulted in invasion by Philip II of
  Macedonia, father of Alexander the Great They
  gave us language, architecture, philosophy and
  democracy ..

More photos of Ancient Greece
The Elgin Marbles
The Parthenon one / two / three
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• sons of freemen went to school
• girls were taught weaving household skills by
  mothers
• at 6 or 7, boys learned reading, writing, music,
  dancing athletics
• they wrote on wax tablets, using a stick called
  a stylus

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• a new Greek colony is established
• Inside the city wall will be a marketplace,
  temples, law courts, houses, workshops and
  council chambers

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A United Europe? A Common Heritage?
Rome Republic Empire
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The Founding of Rome - 753 to 509 BC
BBC
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• legend has it that Rome was founded by local
  tribespeople who camped on Rome's 7 hills
• the people were Sabines and Latins Romulus was
  their first King
• they were influenced by their neighbours the
  Etruscans and traders from Greece Carthage
• the Etruscans, from Etruria, lived in city-states
  emerging around 800 BC
• they were farmers, metalworkers, seafarers
  traders, and liked music, games gambling
• they were greatly influenced by the Greeks and
  worshipped Greek Gods

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The Founding of Rome - 753 to 509 BC
LINK

• early Rome was ruled by Kings, who formed armies
  to defend Rome
• the kings had disputes with the patricians, the
  leading families
• the patricians were more representative of a
  changing, more urbanised Rome
• they eventually overthrew the monarchy in 509
  BC, leading to the Republic
• this was the first republic in the world

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The Roman Republic 509 to 27 BC
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• Rome was run in the 5th century BC by
  patricians (lords, the ruling class)
• there was a struggle between Patricians and
  Plebians (ordinary people)
• this led to the writing of a legal code and the
  Roman Republic
• Rome embarked on wars that led to control of all
  the Italian peninsular
• Rome clashed with Carthage over trade in the
  Mediterranean, leading to Punic Wars lasting 60
  years
• Rome established new cities, organisation and
  prosperity, giving conquered peoples Roman
  citizenship if they cooperated
• by 44 BC they ruled France, Spain, Europe south
  of the Danube, Anatolia Northern Africa

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The Roman Empire built on military power
the sad story of Hannibal Carthage
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two
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(No Transcript)
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The Roman Empire 27 BC to 475 AD
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Pompeii

• in 100 BC, friction arose between patricians and
  plebians again
• power struggles between generals led to civil war
• in 44 BC, Julius Caesar became Emperor for Life,
  but alarmed Republicans assassinated him, and
  the Republic collapsed
• Romans chose dictatorship to chaos, and Octavian
  gradually took control
• under him, trade extended as far as East Africa,
  India China
• the Empire expanded and built roads, towns and
  cities
• Emperors relied more on the army than on the
  people
• most Emperors chose their successors some were
  deposed by soldiers
• from 100 AD, Rome was ruled by strong Emperors
  Trajan, Hadrian, Antonius Marcus Aurelius
• by 117 AD, the Empire had grown too large
  soldiers could no longer be paid with booty,
  slaves and land taken from those conquered
• the last conquests were in Britain, Syria,
  Palestine Egypt most conquered people adapted
  to Roman life

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The Romans great builders of antiquity
The Romans were master bridge- builders, not only
for transport of people and goods, but also for
water. They built magnificent aquaducts all
over theirEmpire, and some arestill in use
today.
Hadrian's Wall between Scotland England
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The Romansgreat builders of antiquityfamous
monuments

• fast communications, meaning good roads, were
  one of the Romans greatest assets in the
  conquest and control of their Empire
• most of their roads were straight many of the
  routes they followed can still be seen to this
  day

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The Roman Empire, 2nd century AD
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The Roman Empire built on military power
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The Roman Empire built on military power
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The Roman Empire built on military power
The Battle of Alesia - 52 BC
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The Cultural Linguistic Legacy of Rome
The Roman Empire at its height under Trajan, 337
ad
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The Cultural Linguistic Legacy of Rome
The Importance of Latin

• Latin brought to Italy about 1000 BC by
  Indo-European immigrants from Northern Europe.
  As people in Latium developed into organized
  community, city of Rome in, according to legend,
  753 BC
• Latin quickly spread over much of Italy, in
  direct correlation to Roman conquests
• with foundation of Roman Empire, large portion of
  western world came to speak various forms of
  Latin or combine it with own tongues
• "classical" Latin developed in city of Rome and
  environs a spoken vernacular form of Latin was
  carried by Roman army to all Roman provinces
• Latin thus superceded pre-Roman dialects of
  Italy, Gaul and Spain
• some expressions of the original languages
  remained and, once mixed with the spoken Latin,
  gave birth to new languages known as the Romance
  languages
• only the deeply rooted Greek language resisted
  Latin domination and continued to be spoken in
  its original form

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The Cultural Linguistic Legacy of Rome
The Importance of Latin

• Latin also survived fall of Roman Empire as
  centuries passed it continued to be an
  international language of educated and social
  elite, accompanying the modified tongues of the
  common people
• Latin often an international Lingua Franca
  between different peoples use among educated
  people survived for centuries
• the sole language of the Catholic Church was
  Latin
• all scholarly, historical, or scientific work was
  written in it up to end of Renaissance
• when Middle Ages ended, the west experienced a
  cultural Renaissance interest in Antiquity
  classical Latin as a means of artistic and
  literary expression grew
• during and after this period of rebirth, forms of
  Latin even transplanted to the Western
  Hemisphere today, the people of Mexico, Central
  America, and South America are called Latins or
  latinos

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The Cultural Linguistic Legacy of Rome
The Importance of Latin

• Latin is the bedrock of Western European
  languages
• the Romance languages of Spain, France, Italy,
  Portugal, and Romania developed from a hybrid
  version of spoken Latin and native tongues
• each also influenced in turn by other tongues,
  such as Slavic, Norse and many Germanic dialects
• of these modern languages, Romanian, not Italian,
  remains the closest living language to the
  original
• without Latin, very few of today's European
  languages would be possible or recognizable in
  their current forms

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The Cultural Linguistic Legacy of Rome
The Latin Language
amo I love amas you love amat he/she
loves amamus we love amatis you love amant they
love
insula nominative (subject) insula you
love insulam accusative (object) insulae genitive
insulae dative insula ablative
AMARE to love
INSULA an island

• an amateur photographer
• ( lover of photography)
• an amorous look
• Im not enamoured of

• an example of insular thought
• I live on a peninsular. (pen almost)
• The machine is poorly insulated.

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The Cultural Linguistic Legacy of Rome
The Latin Language noun inflections
insula nominative (subject) Insula bella
est. insula you love O insula, te
amo insulam accusative (object) Insulam
amo insulae genitive Insulae dicit. insulae dati
ve Historiam insulae amo insula ablative Puer
insulae est.
INSULA an island
. . .
Some latin phrases
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The Cultural Linguistic Legacy of Rome
Roman monuments can be found in most parts of
Western Europe. They are very familiar to all
Europeans, and a permanent reminder of the Roman
Legacy
Roman Architecture
The Colosseum, Rome
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The Cultural Linguistic Legacy of Rome
Roman Architecture
The Colosseum, Rome
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The Cultural Linguistic Legacy of Rome
Roman Architecture
Roman baths at Bath, England
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The Cultural Linguistic Legacy of Rome
Aqueduct, Segovia, Spain
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The Cultural Linguistic Legacy of Rome
Le Pont du Gard, Nîmes, France