The Colonies Come of Age

1
The Colonies Come of Age

• England and its Colonies

2
Mercantilism

• In the 1500s, a new economic theory developed.
• Mercantilism was based on the premise that a
  country should be self-sufficient and acquire as
  much gold and silver as possible.

3
Mercantilism

• This led to European demand for colonial holdings
  for raw materials
• Colonies existed to make the mother
  country rich
• America was only 1 of many English colonies

4
Mercantilism

• Colonies were expected to provide raw materials
  and a market for finished products
• The mother countries made all the profit

5
Englands Colonial Holdings
6
Navigation Acts

• By the mid 1600s, America was exporting tobacco,
  rum, fur, fish, and lumber
• At the same time, they bought furniture,
  utensils, books, china and other products.
• Americans made hardly any of their own products

7
Navigation Acts

• Other countries also wanted to buy American raw
  materials
• Trade between the American colonies and other
  countries other than Britain increased

8
Navigation Acts

• This trade, which brought profits to others than
  Britain, caused Parliament to pass the Navigation
  Acts
• Basically, all goods had to be shipped through
  Britain on British ships

9
Navigation Acts

• Because colonists could often get better prices
  from other countries, smuggling was an effect of
  this legislation
• The rise in port traffic, led to increased
  revenue from trade

10
Navigation Acts

• Although future laws to raise revenue for Britain
  will be protested, the Navigation Acts were trade
  laws that actually increased colonial jobs

11
Charles II Reacts to Smuggling

• Britains king felt that colonial smuggling was
  disrespectful to the monarchy.
• He revoked Massachusetts charter and made it a
  royal colony, under his direct control

12
England in the Mid 1600s

• In 1666, a fire burned most of London to
  the ground.
• Most people blamed the
  Catholics

13
Dominion of New England

• When Charles IIs died in 1685, he did not leave
  an heir
• This divided England into
• Whigs, who wanted to do away with hereditary rule
  and
• Tories, who wanted his brother, James II, Charles
  IIs brother, to be king

14
Dominion of New England

• James II became king who demanded an absolute
  monarchy
• He appointed Catholics to many positions
• He united the New England colonies, the Dominion
  of New England, and appointed Sir Edmund Andros
  as its governor

15
Dominion of New England

• Gov. Andros put New England under strict
  control, managing trade, local government and
  even their religion
• In 1688, Massachusetts sent Increase Mather to
  ask to have Gov. Andros recalled.

16
Glorious Revolution

• King James II was as unpopular in Britain as Gov.
  Andros was in America
• Both Whigs and Tories united to force James II
  from the throne
• They succeeded with a bloodless revolution

17
Glorious Revolution

• King James IIs daughter and her husband, Mary
  and William of Orange, took the throne
• James II fled Britain
• Without his ally, Edmund Andros and his
  assistants were arrested in Massachusetts

18
Glorious Revolution

• Massachusetts got its charter returned and
  William and Mary
• Appointed the new governor
• Enforced more religious toleration
• Allowed non-Puritans in New Englands colonial
  assembly
• Religious persecution in New England was stopped

19
England Loosens the Reins

• France claimed land that Britain felt was either
  theirs or too close to land that was theirs
• Because of the interest in France, Britain
  allowed America to do their duty (mercantilism)
  with little oversight.

20
Navigation Acts

• Under James II, Britain strengthened the
  Navigation Acts
• First, smugglers were tried in admiralty courts
  with British judges rather than colonial courts
  with colonial juries

21
Navigation Acts

• Second, it created a Board of Trade to monitor
  colonial trade
• As long as profits continued to roll into the
  British treasury, a policy known as salutary
  neglect, relaxing most of its enforcement

22
Self-Government

• The monarchy continued to appoint local
  governors, but most control was based within
  elected assemblies.
• Most white, male, landowners could vote, a right
  not available to most citizens in Britain

23
Self-Government

• Although appointed by the king, governors were
  paid by local taxes
• Unpopular governors could find their salaries cut
• Salutary neglect planted the seeds of
  self-government, which colonists will fight for -
  in about 70 years.

24
The Colonies Come of Age

• The Agricultural South

25
Eliza Lucas

• Southern farmers were under increased pressure to
  find a profitable cash crop.
• Lucas was the first to try indigo, a plant that
  makes blue dye

26
Plantation South

• Life in the south was different depending on
  social class and race
• Wealthy planters hired tutors to teach his
  children
• Most southern children did not have the money for
  tutors

27
Plantation Economy

• Southern farmers generally grew cash crops, ones
  that were sold elsewhere
• Originally, this was
• tobacco in VA, MD, and NC
• rice and indigo in SC and GA

28
Plantation Economy

• Since there was more profit from tobacco, rich
  planters were usually found in the populated VA
  and MD

29
Plantation Economy

• Because farming made up the southern economy,
  towns did not develop except along port cities
  like Savannah and Charleston
• Southern farmers loaded ships along the rivers,
  not needing port towns with storage.

30
Plantation Economy

• Family gardens allowed southerners to become
  extremely self-sufficient
• It also meant that town-provided amenities, like
  schools, did not develop and most southerners
  stayed illiterate

31
Life in Southern Society

• In the 1700s, non-British immigrants came from
  Germany and Scotland, called Scots-Irish
• Rich planters controlled the economy and
  government even though they made up a minority of
  the population

32
Life in Southern Society

• Wealthy planters could afford imports from
  Europe, schooling for their children, and a work
  force for their plantation.
• Tobacco prices rose in the 1700s as did profits
  to planters

33
Life in Southern Society

• Women in America, North and South, had few rights
• As children, girls learned how to cook, sew,
  garden, smoke meat, milk cows, feed chickens,
  make soap and candles, take care of the children
  and clean house to be a good housewife

34
Life in Southern Society

• If the husband had the talent and inclination, he
  would make furniture, an oven, butter churn, and
  other helpful utensils.

35
Life in Southern Society

• Women married young, as young as 12-13, and were
  the property of their husbands.
• They had children, about 1 every 2 years and were
  responsible for their daily care
• Men made all household decisions

36
Southern Labor

• Indentured servants came to America under
  contract to work for a predetermined number of
  years to repay the cost of their passage.
• For planters, these laborers were cheap and made
  up a huge percentage of all 1600s immigrants

37
Southern Labor

• Indentured servants were less desirable after
  Bacons Rebellion
• The improving economy in England allowed many to
  make a living there
• Harsh treatment and high death rate discouraged
  others.

38
Slavery in America

• Indians were less desirable as slaves for several
  reasons
• They did not want to learn European ways
• They could run away and disappear
  with their knowledge of
  the area

39
Slavery in America

• By the end of the 1600s, planters started
  importing slaves

40
Slavery in America

• Slavery involved a high initial payment, but they
  worked for life and any offspring belonged to
  their owners.
• Most white people felt that darker
  skin made people inferior.

41
Slavery in America

• By 1690, 13,000 slaves were in America
• By 1750, the slave population increased to
  almost 200,000
• 100 years later, there were about 4 million
  slaves in the US

42
Slavery in America

• Most slaves were sent to the Caribbean Islands to
  work in the sugar cane fields.

43
Trade Triangle

• Caribbean sugar was part of an important trading
  network, the trade triangle
• British ships made 3 legs on each voyage.

44
Trade Triangle

• One of the triangles took ships
• From New England, with guns and rum, to Africa
• From Africa, with slaves, to the Caribbean
• From the Caribbean, with sugar and molasses to
  New England

45
Trade Triangle

• The slave trip across the Atlantic Ocean was
  called the middle passage

46
Middle Passage

• The trip was brutal
• Africans spoke different languages and did not
  comprehend what was happening
• Some thought they would be eaten by the white men

47
Middle Passage

• About 20 of the human cargo died, particularly
  if they were tight packed
• Some threw themselves overboard, committing
  suicide
• Many died of the infections conditions
  below decks

48
Primary Source

• Olaudah Equiano wrote about his capture, the
  middle passage, and ordeals in slavery
  after he was free.

49
Slavery in the South

• Slaves that survived were put on the auction
  block.
• Most did not come directly from Africa, but from
  the islands
• Most worked in the fields for rich owners

50
Slavery in the South

• On a plantation, slaves lived in quarters near
  enough to hear the big house but far enough
  away that the big house could not
  see them

51
Slavery in the North

• Fewer slaves were sold in north because they did
  not have labor intensive farming
• Slaves in the north worked in homes as maids,
  caretakers and grooms.

52
Slavery in the South

• Like in the island, slaves had no rights
  including the right to own themselves.
• Slaves were beaten and sold as punishment for
  infractions.

53
Africans in the South

• Africans learned English and learned about
  Christianity but retained much of their African
  heritage.
• Slave life encouraged extended families
  among slaves.

54
Africans in the South

• Many slaves tried to sabotage their owners by
  working very slow, breaking tools, faking
  illnesses, and pretending they were too stupid to
  understand their duties.

55
Africans in the South

• Plantation slaves were intentionally given
  different jobs, some more prestigious than others
• A cook or driver received better food and clothes
  than the lowest slave, the field hand.

56
Stono Rebellion, 1739

• Africans occasionally revolted in America and the
  islands
• Slaves near the Stono River gathered weapons and
  killed many white people
• The local militia put down the rebellion

57
Stono Rebellion, 1739

• Frightened southerners strengthened slave codes
  but rebellions occurred until the Civil War

58
Stono Rebellion, 1739

• Slaves also ran away.
• In the 1600s and early 1700s, they usually moved
  in with the Indians

59
Southern Slavery

• As the southern plantations grew, southerners
  became more dependent on slave labor
• Called the Peculiar Institution, southern
  churches condoned the practice.

60
Southern Slavery

• New immigrants shied away from the south because
  job availability decreased as slaves increased.
• Without wage labor, plantation owners bought more
  slaves.

61
Southern Slavery

• The economy of the North develops much
  differently

62
The Colonies Come of Age

• The Commercial North

63
Northern Cities

• As John Adams wrote, Boston was a noisy, bustling
  city by the mid 1700s.

64
Commerce in the North

• Under mercantilism, the purpose of the colonies
  was to create wealth for Britain.
• Business in the colonies grew at a faster rate
  than in Britain

65
The Colonies Come of Age

• The French and Indian War

66
Britain and France

• Britain and France had been in frequent wars with
  one another for centuries.
• A war between the 2 countries in Europe, will
  spread to America

67
Rivals for an Empire

• France settled in North America in 1534, 75 years
  before Britain.
• After establishing Quebec, they explored the
  Mississippi River Valley, claimed it, and named
  it after their king, Louis XIV

68
Rivals for an Empire

• The French had friendly relations with the
  Indians, traded with them and many learned their
  languages.
• They did not build large towns or try to convert
  the Indians
• Many inter-married with the Indians

69
Rivals for an Empire

• Their relationship also included military
  alliances with their trading partners.
• Most of the French in Louisiana were trappers,
  who traded beaver pelts
• Beaver hats were popular in Europe

70
Rivals for an Empire

• The British colonists wanted to expand their
  holdings across the Appalachian Mts.

71
Rivals for an Empire

• The French build Ft. Duquesne where the Allegheny
  R. joins the Monongahela R. meet, today it is
  Pittsburgh

72
Rivals for an Empire

• The British had already granted this land to some
  wealthy planters.
• The Virginia governor sent out the militia to
  evict the French
• George Washington led the group.

73
French and Indian War

• Washington built Ft. Necessity about 40 miles
  from Ft. Duquesne.
• Then they attacked the French but Washington was
  forced to surrender
• This was the first battle of the French and
  Indian War, or Seven Years War

74
French and Indian War

• The French fought with their Indian allies and
  used the fighting skills they learned from them.

75
French and Indian War

• The British, under Gen. Braddock, launched an
  assault on Ft. Duquesne
• They fought in traditional, European format
• They were no match for an enemy trained to fight
  in the woods

76
French and Indian War

• The British, continued to lose battles for 2
  years
• King George II added William Pitt to assist the
  British army
• He asked Ben Franklin to form an alliance with
  the Iroquois, which was successful

77
French and Indian War

• In 1759, the British launched a surprise attack
  on the French in Quebec by climbing the steep
  cliffs around the town.
• The British victory at Quebec turned
  the tide of the war.

78
French and Indian War

• The war was over in 1763 with the Treaty of Paris
• The treaty took all French land east of the
  Mississippi R.
• Spain, a French ally, lost Florida but gained
  French land west of the Mississippi R and New
  Orleans

79
French and Indian War

• France kept control of eastern Canada and their
  Caribbean Islands

80
French and Indian War

• The Indians were the true losers when the
  colonists settle west of the Appalachians, which
  was suppose to be kept for the Indian
• Pontiac realized that a French loss was an Indian
  loss

81
Pontiacs Rebellion

• After Indians captured British forts, the British
  offered a gift blankets that were infected with
  smallpox
• The disease weakened the Indians and they were
  forced to agree to a treaty

82
Proclamation of 1763

• The Proclamation restricted colonial expansion
  onto their newly acquired land
• This would be impossible to enforce and begin the
  conflicts that will lead to the American
  Revolution 12 years later.

83
Britain and Colonists Grow Apart

• Since the colonists fought in the French and
  Indian War, they felt they should receive the
  rewards of victory land.
• Instead, they received more attention, more law
  enforcement, and more taxation.

84
Albany Plan of Union

• Ben Franklin tried to get the colonies to join
  together in 1754
• They refused but the idea was planted

85
Writs of Assistance

• To stop smuggling, the Massachusetts governor
  announced that customs agents would search any
  home, ship or business of their choosing to look
  for anything considered illegal.

86
British Soldiers in America

• Soldiers were also placed in the colonies under
  the reasoning that they were needed to protect
  the colonists from Indians and the French.
• Colonists feared this expensive turn of events.

87
British Debt

• Britain paid for their ongoing wars by taxing the
  British people.
• After the French and Indian/Seven Years War, they
  were in tremendous debt.

88
King George III

• King George IIIs prime minister, George
  Grenville, chose to tax the colonists.

89
Sugar Act

• Grenville got Parliament to pass the Sugar Act in
  1764 which
• Halved the tax on foreign sugar
• Placed duties on some imports
• Strengthened enforcement of smuggling cases and
  tried them in royal courts

90
Sugar Act

• The act actually lowered the cost of sugar but
  the colonists reacted because for the first time,
  Britain was placing a direct tax on them, not
  just a trade law.
• The war is 11 years away.