(CIVIL) AIRCRAFT CERTIFICATION PAST, PRESENT

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(CIVIL) AIRCRAFT CERTIFICATION PAST, PRESENT
FUTURE(An Overview)

• Alan Carter
• Certification Programme Manager
• Aircraft Certification Department

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Summary PAST

• A few notable steps
• Responsible Bodies
• Concept of Type Certification
• Certification Code Development

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Summary (cont)PRESENT

• Elements of Certification
• Type Certification
• Process
• Certification Basis
• Codes
• Example Requirements
• Compliance demonstration
• Compliance finding
• Organisation Approval (Design Production)

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Summary (cont)FUTURE

• (Likely/possible)
• regulatory
• developments

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PAST. (i)Notable steps

• 1783 H A Balloon de Rozier/DArlandes
  Gas Balloon Charles
• 1853? Glider Cayley Cayleys assistant
• 1903 Powered aeroplane Flyer Wright
• 1924 Gyrocopter Cierva C6
• 1936 Helicopter Focke-Achgelis FA-61 Hanna
  Reitch

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PAST (ii)Responsible Bodies (UK)

• 1909 Advisory Comm. for Aeronautics
• 1914 Aeronautical Insp. Dept.
• 1919 Air Ministry (Dept of Civil Av.)
• 1937 Air Registration Board (Civil)
• 1972 Civil Aviation Authority
• 1970 Joint Aviation Authorities
• (1970 UK,F,D,NL only)
• 2003- European Aviation safety Agency

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PAST (iii) Concept of Type Certification

• 1910s Self regulation
• 1920s/30s Direct Air Ministry approval
• 1937 (ARB) intro. of Approved firms
• 1945-6 First type approvals/AANs
• 1944 Convention on Int. Civil Aviation
  (Chicago) 1949 Annex 8 A/w of aircraft, Pt.II
  Ch. 1 Type Certification
• 1968 First UK TCs (Beagle Pup Slingsby T53)

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PAST (iv)Type Certification Code development

• 1926 AP 1208 A/w Hnbk. for Civ. A/c (Air
  Ministry)
• 1945 BCAR D Des. Constr. (ARB)
• 1948- BCAR Sections
• examples D Large Aeropl.1948, C Eng. Prop
  1949,
• G Rotorcraft 1954, K, Light Aeropl.
  1966 (ARB)
• 1969 TSS Standards (ARB SGAC)
• 1974 JAR-25 Large Aeroplanes (JAA)
• 2003 EASA Certification Specifications

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PRESENT (i)Three related, required approvals

• Type Certification (type design approval)
• Design Organisation approval
• Production Organisation approval

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PRESENT (ii)TC The elements of the process
TYPE CERTIFICATION
TYPE CERTIFICATION

• Analyses
• Structural Test
• Flight Test
• Flight Manual
• etc....

• Analyses
• Structural Test
• Flight Test
• Flight Manual
• etc....

COMPLIANCE CHECKLIST
COMPLIANCE CHECKLIST
RE-WORK/RE-SUBMISSION
RE-WORK/RE-SUBMISSION
AA EVALUATION
Agency EVALUATION
SUBMISSION OF REPORTS
SUBMISSION OF REPORTS
CERTIFICATION BASIS
CERTIFICATION BASIS
APPLICATION
APPLICATION
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PRESENT (iii)The Certification Basis

• Mandatory Requirements applicable cert code in
  place at time of TC application, e.g. JAR-25 at
  Change 16
• Reversions Use of older reqs.
• Special Conditions (Novel design features
  CCD, Unconventional use Steep Appr., General
  experience HIRF)
• Exemptions Non-applic. of req.
• Equivalent Safety Findings Not specified AMC
• Environmental Standards Noise emissions
• Elect to Comply Requirements

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PRESENT (iv)(Main) current Certification Codes

• Aeroplanes CS-25 (Large), 23 (Normal,Utility
  Aerobatic/5700kg), VLA (Very Light/750kg), 22
  (Sailplanes), BCAR S (Small Light/450kg)
• Rotorcraft CS-29 (Large), 27 (Small/3175kg), VLR
  (Very light/600kg), BCAR T (Light
  Gyroplanes/600kg)
• Lighter than air CS-31 (Balloons), CS-30
  (Non-rigid airships)
• Other CS-E (Engines), P (Propellers), APU

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PRESENT (v)Cert. Code layout content

• General
• Flight (Perf., Contr. Manoeuv., Trim, Stab.,
  Stalls, Gnd.Hndl., Misc.)
• Structure (Flt.Loads, Manoeuv./Gust cond.,
  Contr.Surf.Sys.Loads, Emer.Lndg.Loads, Fatigue)
• Design construction (Contr.Syst., Persnl.Cargo
  Accom., Pressn., Fire Prot.)
• Powerplant (Fuel Sys., Oil Sys., Contr.Access.)
• Equipment (Instrum., Elec.Syst., Safety Equip.)
• Operating Limitations information (AFM, ..)

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PRESENT (vi)Example requirements Factor of
Safety (for the strength of the aircraft
structure)

• CS-VLA.613 619 probability of material
  being under strength is extremely remote (for
  composites, x 1.5 if not tested hot wet x
  1.0 to 1.55 for production variability)
• CS-31HB.25(b) at least x 5 for envelope
  design (x 2 if effective rip-stoppers)

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PRESENT (vii)Example requirements (cont)
(In-flight) Gust loads applied to aircraft

• CS-23.333 The aircraft is assumed to be
  subjected to symmetrical vertical gusts in level
  flight of 50 fps at Vc, 25 fps at Vd
• BCAR S.333 No gust loads

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PRESENT (viii)Example requirements (cont) Seat
harness provision

• CS-23.785(b) must consist of a seat, safety
  belt shoulder harness, that is designed to
  protect the occupant dynamic test conditions of
  23.562
• CS-31HB.63 there must be handholds of
  adequate strength and number

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PRESENT (ix)Compliance demonstration (Your
bit!)

• Load cases/design cases
• Analysis
• Aerodynamic
• Airframe loading
• Systems safety (FMEA/SSA)
• Test
• Ground (Structural, func. reliability, GVT)
• Flight (Perf., handling, flutter)

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PRESENT (x)Compliance demonstration
(cont)Compliance checklist
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PRESENT (xiii)Compliance finding (or our
bit)

• Why?
• Independent check (on whether compliance
  achieved)
• Legal finding requirement
• How?
• Sample
• Reliance (where appropriate) on organisations
  approval

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PRESENT (xiv) Approval of Organisations

• Industry has detail product knowledge/expertise
• Authority/Agency has responsibility
• The two are satisfied by approval
  (accreditation) to design (through a DOA) or
  produce (with a POA)

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PRESENT (xv)Organisation Approval (DOA/POA)

• Organisation must be able to
• Demonstrate competence in chosen fields
• Comply with regulatory requirements
• Carry out privileges assoc. with approval
• Both initially through continued auditing

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FUTURE (iii)Regulatory developments

• Features EVS, SVS, smart structure/HUMS
• Tilt Rotor BA609, Composite of CS-25/29
• Civil/military programmes A400M
• Civil UAVSs CAP 722 TC (using existing codes),
  DOA, POA
• Environmental Alt. fuels, blended wing-body
• Plus Single Worldwide certifications?

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Any other questions?

• Good luck!