World War II

1
World War II
2

• 2174 days from 1 September to surrender of Japan
  in August 1945.
• Roughly 50 million dead --- think about the void
  these deaths created.
• How many of those in WW2 did you know?

3
Operation Himmler

• Faked Polish attack on the Gleiwitz radio station
  (transmitter) that gave Hitler his reason to
  invade Poland.

4
Blitzkrieg --- Lightning War

• 1. Air attacks destroy enemys AF while still on
  the ground.
• 2. Bombers hit major areas --- road and rail,
  storage, assembly areas, civilian targets
• 3. Dive bombers hit soldiers and civilians
• 4. Motorized infantry, tanks and motorized
  artillery push ahead. Heavy tanks avoid towns
  and fortified areas.

5
3 September 1939

• FDR Let no man or woman thoughtlessly or
  falsely talk of America sending its armies to
  European fields. At this moment there is being
  prepared a proclamation of American neutrality.

6
Western Air Plan 14

• Dropping of anti-Nazi propaganda leaflets over
  Germany.
• 3 Sept dropping of 13 tons of leaflets over the
  Ruhr.
• Your rulers have condemned you to the massacres,
  miseries and privations of a war they cannot ever
  hope to win.

7
Hitlers Plan

• 7 months prior to the war Hitler said The
  result will not be the Bolshevization of the
  Earth, and thus the victory of Jewry, but the
  annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe.

8
Hitlers intentions in Poland

• It is the Fuhrers and Goerings intention to
  destroy and exterminate the Polish nation. More
  than that cannot even be hinted at in writing.

9
First British Naval Disaster

• U-29 torpedoed a British carrier off the SW coast
  of Ireland. They lost 518 sailors.

10
No. 4 Tiergartenstrasse

• A suburban house in Berlin to be the operational
  center of the euthanasia program.
• Was to be calledT4.
• There was a census form sent to all hospitals
  and doctors looking for (1) senile (2)
  criminally insane (3) people of non-German blood.

11
27 September - Warsaw Surrenders

• 140,000 Polish POWs
• Probably more than 10,000 Polish teachers,
  doctors, priests, landowners, businessman and
  local officials were rounded up and killed.

12
The start of Double Cross/XX

• German Intelligence believed that Arthur Owens
  was one of their agents.
• In actuality he was a British agent.
• Owens persuaded the Germans that he had setup a
  network of spies.

13
German-Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty.

• They agree to line of partition in Poland.
• Stalin promises to give Hitler 300,000 tons of
  oil per year.

14
Ships that are fair game

• (1) troop ships and merchant ships
• (2) ships sailing without lights in British
  coastal waters
• (3) merchant ships using their communications
  after having been stopped

15
The End of Poland

• 694,000 Polish soldiers captured by the Germans
• 217,000 Polish soldiers captured by the Russians
• 60,000 Polish soldiers and up to 25,000 civilians
  had been killed
• Germans lost 14,000 men

16
9 October 1939

• Some diplomats tried to arrange a last minute
  peace between Germany, England and France.
• While this was happening, Hitler issues orders
  setting up Operation Yellow -- the invasion of
  the Low Countries and France.

17
11 October 1939

• A meeting was held between FDR and Alexander
  Sachs - a friend of Albert Einstein.
• The topic of Atomic Energy.
• FDR This requires action.

18
14 October 1939

• U-47 sinks the British battleship Royal Oak while
  at anchor with 3 torpedoes --- killing 833
  sailors.

19
17 October 1939

• SS field Divisions became independent from the
  regular German Army.
• They could now only be tried by their own
  superiors.

20
21 October 1939

• In a secret speech to Nazi Party officials Hitler
  said he would turn his attention to the East once
  England and France were in line.
• Once he conquered the East he would set about
  restoring Germany to how she used to be.

21
28 October 1939

• Himmler issues Procreation Order to the SS.
• the sublime task of German women and girls of
  good blood, acting not frivolously but from a
  profound moral seriousness, to become mothers to
  children of soldiers setting off to battle.

22
Lebensborn

• Human stud farms set up by Himmler where young
  girls selected for Nordic traits could
  procreate with SS men.

23
3 November 1939

• Part of the Neutrality Act was repealed, US now
  was allowed to sell arms to Britain and France.
• Anglo-French Purchasing Board was set up in
  Washington.

24
8 November 1939

• 16th anniversary of the Beer Hall Putsch in
  Munich.
• Hitler left celebration early.
• 8 minutes after he left a bomb exploded behind
  where he had been positioned.
• Hitler The fact that I left the beer hall
  earlier than usual is corroboration of
  Providences intention to let me reach my goal.

25
16November 1939

• Books from Lublins Jewish Religious Academy were
  taken to the market and burned.
• German eye-witness It was a matter of special
  pride to destroy the Talmudic Academy which was
  known as the greatest in Poland.

26
How to defeat England

• The U-boat and the magnetic mine
• Cripple the economy and the people will give up.
• Only one front was key in Hitlers eyes.

27
30 November 1939

• Soviets invade Finland
• 26 Soviet Divisions (465,000 men) against 9
  Finnish Divisions (130,000 men).
• 1,000 Soviet aircraft against 150 Finnish.
• The bombing of Helsinki inspired the Finnish
  resistance.
• The outside world cheered for Finland.

28
French aid to Finland

• 400,000 rifles
• 145 planes
• 5,000 machine guns
• 20,000,000 rounds of ammunition
• 496 heavy guns
• 200,000 hand grenades

29
Confetti War

• The total number of propaganda leaflets printed
  had risen to 118,500,000!!!
• They drop bombs and we drop leaflets

30
The Magnetic Mine Story

• When the Germans dropped these in British coastal
  waters one was stuck in a mud flat.
• British found a way to neutralize its impact
• Ships were demagnetized by using a coil wrapped
  around the ship
• All normal mine damage was attributed to the
  magnetic mine to make the Germans happy.

31
Enigma

• German code machine thought to be unbreakable.
• During January 1940 the British began to read
  these codes with some success.
• Polish mathematicians and Intelligence services
  played a large role in this situation.

32
Major General Friedrich Mieth

• Chief of staff of the German First Army
• The SS has carried out mass executions without
  proper trials. Executions that besmirched the
  German Army.
• Due to his remarks Hitler had him dismissed from
  the Army.

33
Churchills comments about mass executions in
Poland

• we may judge what our fate would be if we fell
  into their clutches. But from them also we may
  draw the force and inspiration to carry us
  forward on our journey and not to pause or rest
  till liberation is achieved and justice is done.

34
30 January 1940

• Reinhard Heydrich established IV-D-4
• It was their job to arrange and organize the
  deportation system used to transport the Jewish
  populations in Europe.

35
Soviets in Finland

• They paid a huge price!!!
• Goal establish protection for Leningrad
• Action in Scandinavia brings attention to Norway
  and Sweden
• Allied troops and Finland

36
Did Stalin foresee a German attack?

• Nov 1939 Stalin approved a decision of the Red
  Armys Chief Military Council to reduce by 1/3
  the strength of the permanent border fortified
  areas.
• In Return ---

37
February 1940

• Russia would get manufactured goods, arms and the
  blueprints to the most recent developments in
  naval armaments, as well as prototypes of the
  most recent planes, anti-aircraft artillery,
  bombs and tanks IN RETURN FOR oil and
  agricultural products.

38

• Hitler wants to keep Russia passive while he
  attacks the West!!!

39
Todt Organization

• Lead by Dr. Fritz Todt
• Becomes the largest single employer of labor in
  Germany.
• Military purposes were better served than through
  mass executions.
• Todt was to ensure that the arms industry made
  the most economical use possible of raw materials
  metals that were in short supply.

40
Scandinavia

• Germans wanted it for (1) iron ore, (2) bases to
  use against England.
• Hitler about Scandinavia the character of a
  peaceful occupation, designated to protect by
  force of arms the neutrality of the Northern
  countries, but any Norwegian or Danish
  resistance would be broken by all means
  available.

41
Britains Lack of Effort

• Of 352 AA guns intended for the British
  Expeditionary Force in France, only 152 had
  arrived.
• Of 1,860 AA guns considered the MINIMUM needed
  for the air defense of Britain, no more than 108
  were in place.

42
Russo-Finnish Treaty

• 27,000 Finnish dead
• 58,000 Russian dead
• Loss of territory for Finland

43
Germany and Oil

• French believed that key to hurting Germany was
  to bomb the oil fields in the Caucasus - where
  Russian shipments of oil originated.

44
Chamberlains Course of Action

• Allies need to maintain courage and determination
  to impress neutral nations.
• Active measures
• float naval mines down the Rhine River
• prevent Germany from getting iron ore from Sweden
• attack Soviet oilfields at Baku

45
Allied Shipping

• By 31 March 753,803 tons of Allied shipping had
  been sunk around Great Britain by German
  submarines.
• 281,154 tons were sunk by mines
• 36,189 tons by Luftwaffe

46
Commerce raider Atlantis

• Set sail on a voyage where it would sink 22
  merchant ships.
• It carried numerous national flags and concealed
  guns.

47
Norway

• 8 April 1940 Britain violated international law
  by laying mines in Norwegian waters to disrupt
  neutral Norways iron ore trade with Germany.
• In response, the Germans invaded Norway.
• Britain and France sent troops to help the
  Norwegians but they eventually lost.

48
Quisling

• Leader of Norwegian collaboration who became
  Fuhrer of Norway.
• Was to reconstruct Norway into a Fascist,
  pro-Nazi country. (puppet-government)
• Sent thousands to concentration camps and killed
  hostages in retaliation for resistance.
• People of Norway joined in opposition to Quisling.

49
Norway

• The Germans took Norways food reserves and sent
  them to Germany.
• Sweden and Denmark began to send in food supplies
  to help feed starving Norwegians.
• British commandos made frequent raids into Norway
  with the help of Resistance groups.
• Quisling was eventually arrested, tried and shot.

50
Norland

• A new SS regiment created by Hitler on his 51st
  birthday.
• Allowed Norwegians and Danes to serve along the
  Germans.

51
1 May 1940

• Creation of the ghetto in Lodz.
• Of the 31,721 apartments in Lodz, only 725 had
  running water at the outset.

52
Story of Stutthof

• (15)

53
30 April 1940

• Hitler orders the German Army to be ready to
  launch Operation Yellow within 24 hours starting
  5 May.
• British withdrew a division from France fearing
  an invasion of England.
• Code word Danzig was issued to have the attack
  on Holland, Belgium and France begin on 10 May
  1940.

54
10 May 1940

• 136 German divisions launch an attack into
  Belgium, Holland and France.
• 2,500 German planes attack these areas.
• 16,000 German airborne troops spearhead an attack
  into Low Countries. New component of Blitzkrieg.
• - Downfall of Chamberlain!!!

55
Iceland

• On his first day as Prime Minister, Churchill
  declares the Danish dependency on Iceland as
  vital and that it cannot fall into German hands.
• United States now increases range of naval
  authority to Iceland.

56
Churchill

• I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears
  and sweat.
• Also You ask, what is our policy? I will say.
  It is to wage war, by sea, land and air, with
  all our might and with all the strength that God
  can give us to wage war against a monstrous
  tyranny, never surpassed in the dark lamentable
  catalogue of human crime. That is our policy.

57
Britains aim

• It is victory,victory at all costs,victory in
  spite of all terror, victory however long and
  hard the road may be for without victory there
  is no survival.

58
Operation XD

• The demolition of Dutch and Belgian port
  installations at the mouth of the River Scheldt
  if the Germans came that far.
• Also, 2 British officers drain 150,000 tons of
  fuel into the Scheldt.

59
Sedan

• British bombers failed to cut off the German
  advance through Sedan and the French failed to
  hold the line.
• With loss of Sedan, the road to Paris was open.
• Within a month the encirclement of the BEF was
  achieved.

60
British soldier

• We shall win in the end, but theres horror and
  tribulation ahead of all of us. We cant avoid
  it.
• Churchill flies to Paris on 16 May ----- Risky?
  Too Risky?

61
Dutch Model

• Capture vital points using airborne.
• 17 May German troops enter Brussels. This is
  the 5th capital occupied by the Germans in the
  past 9 months.
• Dutch and Belgian Jews are being taken to
  England.
• When does England cut their losses and withdraw
  to England.

62
Churchill

• Behind England and France there gathered a group
  of shattered States and bludgeoned races the
  Czechs, the Poles, the Norwegians, the Danes, the
  Dutch, the Belgians - upon all of whom the long
  night of barbarism will descend, unbroken even by
  a star of hope, unless we conquer, as conquer we
  must as conquer we shall.

63
Bletchley Park

• Place where codes were being broken and read ---
  just north of London.
• Operational Intelligence was being taken at the
  rate of 1,000 pages a day.
• Britain had to recreate maps the Germans were
  using in order to identify locations. Maps were
  made using information taken from German messages.

64
Dunkirk

• Forces in Flanders were treated as secondary as
  opposed to French troops fleeing towards Paris.
• German estimates of men trapped in the pocket
  were 100,000 --- 1/4 the real number.
• Germans halted at 600 p.m. on 23 May.
• Goerings selfish desire.. Luftwaffe!!!

65
Operation Dynamo

• Evacuation of Dunkirk
• British had low estimates of what they could
  accomplish.
• Those operating in rear guard action made the
  escape possible.

66
FDR

• Tonight over the peaceful roads of Belgium and
  France, millions are now moving, running from
  their homes to escape bombs and shells and
  machine gunning, without shelter, and almost
  wholly without food. They stumble on, knowing
  not where the end of the road will be.

67
28 May

• Cease fire came into effect in Belgium --- they
  had resisted for 18 days.
• The mopping up continued after this date.

68
The Plan in the West

• Children that were racially valuable would be
  carried off to Germany and Germanized the rest
  would be made to vegetate, each person given a
  primary school education where they would learn
  how to count up to a maximum of 500, how to
  write his name, that it is Gods command that he
  should be obedient to Germans, honorable,
  industrious and brave.

69
Evacuations from Dunkirk

• 28 May 25,000
• 29 May 47,310
• 31 May 68,104
• 1 June 64,229

70
Anglo-French Purchasing Board

• US declared mass quantities of goods as surplus
  so they could be sold with no violation of
  Neutrality Act.
• British purchased 500 mortars, 500 field guns,
  thousands of AA guns, 10,000 machine guns, 25,000
  automatic rifles, 100 million rounds of
  ammunition.
• http//members.aol.com/forcountry/ww2/lus.htm

71
Sundowner

• A yacht used in Dunkirk evacuation that was
  piloted by C.H. Lightoller --- the senior
  surviving officer of the Titanic.
• His son had been killed in air action the
  previous September.
• He and his older son brought back 130 men.

72
Dunkirk fear in England

• Some British feared Dunkirk would be launching
  point for invasion of England.
• Enigma intercepts put these fears to rest.

73
2 June

• Last 3,000 men were evacuated from Dunkirk.
• 222 naval vessels and 665 civilian craft were
  used.
• British won the air war over the Dunkirk area ---
  in some cases 31.
• 34,000 British soldiers had been taken POW in and
  around the Dunkirk area.

74
Hitler to von Rundstedt

• Now that Britain will presumably be willing to
  make peace I will begin the final settlement of
  scores with Bolshevism.

75
Air losses for England

• Between 19 May and 1 June, 453 aircraft of all
  types had been produced.
• In same time 436 had been lost.
• Actual aircraft on 2 June was 504.
• Head of Fighter Command said if Germans would
  attack he could only promise air superiority for
  48 hours.

76
Left behind at Dunkirk

• 475 tanks, 38,000 vehicles, 12,000 motorcycles,
  8,000 field telephones, 400 anti-tank guns, 1,000
  heavy guns, 8,000 Bren guns, 90,000 rifles and
  7,000 tons of ammunition.
• These losses would take 3 - 6 months to make up.

77
Still In France

• 224,318 British troops had been pulled out at
  Dunkirk.
• 136,000 still remained in Western France.
• 200,000 Polish were also in France.

78
Bye Bye Norway

• 6 June King Haakon of Norway and his government
  left for London.
• Norwegian soldier All our hopes had collapsed
  and the people felt that they had been deserted
  by the leaders and their allies.

79
Those darn Italians

• 10 June Mussolini declares war on France and
  Britain.
• Hitler First they were too cowardly to take
  part. Now they are in a hurry so that they can
  share in the spoils.
• In London, all Italians who had lived in England
  for less than 20 years were interned --- 4,100
  total.

80
Paris

• Churchill urged French to turn Paris into a
  fortress. French believed destruction of Paris
  would do more harm than good.
• 14 June Germans reach Place de la Concorde.
  Huge swastika was hung below Arc de Triumph.
  German soldiers marched down Champs Elysees in
  deliberate imitation of French victory parade in
  1918.

81
Paris

• 2 million citizens had fled Paris.
• Those remaining in Paris woke up hearing German
  loud speakers announce an 800 pm curfew.

82
Operation Ariel

• Evacuation of troops from France.
• Cherbourg --- 30,630
• St. Malo --- 21,474 Canadians
• Brest --- 32,584
• St. Nazaire and Nantes --- 57, 235
• La Pallice --- 2,303

83
Passenger liner Lancastria

• Was loaded with 5,000 soldiers and civilians when
  it was hit by German bombs.
• Nearly 3,000 drowned.
• Churchill forbids publication of the story.
• 6 weeks later the British Government had to
  release the story after the story broke in the
  United States.

84
DeGaulle

• Today we are crushed by the sheer weight of the
  mechanized forces hurled against us, but we can
  still look to future in which even greater
  mechanized forces will bring us to victory.
  Therein lies the destiny of the world.

85
Hitler goes to Paris

• It was the dream of my life to be permitted to
  see Paris. I cannot say how happy I am to have
  that dream fulfilled today
• Wasnt Paris beautiful? But Berlin must be made
  more beautiful.
• He saw this accomplishment as the greatest step
  in the preservation of German history.
• The new Berlin was to be ready in 1950.

86
25 June

• Franco-German Armistice formally came into
  effect.
• Death tolls
• 92,000 French
• 7,500 Belgian
• 2,900 Dutch
• 3,500 British
• 45,000 German

87
Britain

• There was a relief in Britain that they were now
  alone in the fight.
• 27 June King George wrote Personally I feel
  happier now that we have no allies to be polite
  to and to pamper.

88
30 June

• Hitler issued orders to take in custody all
  objects of art, whether state owned, or in
  private Jewish hands.
• The art museums were to be sacked.

89
Special Operations Executive (SOE)

• An organization to control all sabotage,
  subversive activities and black propaganda in
  enemy controlled and neutral nations.
• Churchills advice to its first political leader
  --- Set Europe ablaze.

90
Operation Catapult

• Plan to seize, or neutralize, all French warships
  wherever that might be to prevent their capture
  by the Germans.

91
Oran

• French were given options
• Sail to British harbors to fight with Britain
• Sail to Britain and hand over to Britain
• Demilitarize them
• Scuttle them in such a way that the Germans could
  not use them
• Sail to French West Indies where they would be
  disarmed or turned over to the US until wars end

92
Oran Continued

• The French refused
• The British open fire
• More than 1,250 French sailors were killed
• This action convinces FDR that Britain had the
  will to fight --- even if alone.

93

• We will turn your pots and pans into Spitfires
  and Hurricanes, Blenheims and Wellingtons.
• Britain was trying to mass produce 1,000 aircraft.

94
Churchill

• There were vast numbers not only in Britain but
  in every land who will render faithful service
  in this war, but those names will never be known,
  those deeds will never be recorded. This is a
  War of the Unknown Warrior, but let all strive,
  without failing in faith or in duty, and the dark
  curse of Hitler will be lifted from our Age.

95
Hitlers Directive No. 16

• Called for the planning of Operation Sea Lion.

96
19 July

• FDR signed the Two-Ocean Expansion Act
• 358 warships were already in service and 130 were
  being built.
• The Act provided for a further 7 battleships, 18
  aircraft carriers, 27 cruisers, 42 submarines and
  115 destroyers.

97
Nice Friends

• Of roughly 33,000 aircraft being built in the
  United States, 19,092 would be kept for the Army
  Air Force and 14,375 would be shipped to Britain.
• This would cover the need up to the end of 1941.

98
29 July

• Jodl told the Chief of the Planning Section at
  the German Army Staff of the plan to attack
  Russia.
• They protested the 2 front war.
• Jodl Gentlemen, it is not a question for
  discussion but a decision of the Fuhrer.

99
13 August 1940

• The Day of the Eagle
• Large air attacks without any ground based
  action.
• Heaviest British losses were on the ground with
  100 planes destroyed in the first 10 days of the
  German attacks.

100
The Day of the Eagle

• Day 1 45 German planes lost to 13 British
  fighters with only 7 British pilots killed.
• Day 2 75 German losses to 34 British
• Day 3 70 German losses to 27 British
• The trend would continue