ljwfg lgdf0f klsof ljwfg ef

1
æljwfg lgdf0f klsof / ljwfg efÆ

• ktftfM"o 9'În
• jwflgs fNnfx tyf xofu PsfO
• o'Qm /fi6wLo lasf sfosd
• Sf7df8f, gkfn

2
2Þ kt'tL rf/ efudf ljeflht 5M

• s_ kf/lDes clesyg tyf kl/efiffsf kZg
• v_ ljwfg lgdf0f klsof
• u_ ljwfg ef
• 3_ ljwfg efu uflPsf jfn tyf ljsNkx?
• kt'tLsf d"n cfwf/ cGtl/d ljwfg /xsf 5 .

3
kf/lDes clesyg tyf kl/efiff

• ! /fi6sf kd'v /fhglts zlQmx?jLr xdlt
• Efflnsf gkfnsf nflu æftf ljwfgÆ sf
  lgdf0f
• ljwfgsf lgdf0f ljwfg efåf/f ul/g
• ljwfg efsf cfwf/M !_at_ a'b xdltblv cGtl/d
  ljwfg, _at_) -zfwg lxt_ Ddsf btfjh
• _at_ lsg gFof ljwfg / ljwfg eflt oL s x'g\ lt

4
Kl/efiffsf kZg lt

• ljwfg / ljwfg ef
• dfjzL khftGq, /fHosf k'gM/rgf, 3Lo
  k0ffnL, dfg'kflts lgjfrg, gFof gkfn

5
ljwfg / ljwfg ef

• ljwfgM /fHosf æd'n sfg'gÆÙ æjfRr sfg"gÆ
• /fHosf zfg Jjjyf rfngsf jwflgs oGq
• gful/ssf dflns xssf lgwf/0f / /If0f
• clwsf/ -/fHozlQm_ sf t'ng / kofusf Ldf
• /fi6 lgdf0fsf cfwf/ / dfulrq
• ljwfg oyfydf fjefdzlQm kofusf jwflgs
  oGq xf (Thomas Cooley)

6
ljwfg efM 4flGts Pj Jojxfl/s kIfM

• ljwfg lgdf0f ug u7Lt hgkltlglwx?sf æefÆ jf
  æynfÆ æljwfg efÆ
• osf uGtJoM gFof ljwfg
• lsg ljwfg ef lt
• hgtf g jfRr Pj jzlQmdfg eGg dfGotf
• (Sovereignty)
• hgtf g ljwfgsf nvs (Author)

7

• hn lgdf0f u5 (dofbf tof/ u5 / hf/L u5_ ,
  pn
• dfq cfd""n kl/jQg ug kfp5 eGg dfGotf .
• (We the people) æjfldTjÆ sf kZg .
• _at_)) blv _at_) Dd sf ljwfgdf æjfldTjÆ sf
  cefj .

8
ljwfg lgdf0f klsofM

• ljwfg efsf u7g ljlw . dfjzL tTjsf lylt.
• -kofKt kltj4tf tyf oGqsf sld wf/f
• lgjfrg kålt cflzs ?kdf dfjzL_
• Æljwfg efÆ / b jLrsf leGgtf
• ljwfg ef b xfOg .
• /fhgLlts bnsf dfq æefÆ

9
( ljwfg lgdf0f klsof

• osf tLg r/0f 5g\
• ! k"j tof/L sf r/0fM\\
• æljwfg efÆ u7g -lgjfrg_ x'g' cl3
• _at_ ljwfg dofbf tof/L tyf hf/L ug sfo
• kmn sfofGjogM
• gFof æljwfgÆ nfO sfofGjogdf phf kbfg
  ug

10
!) k"j tof/Lsf r/0f

• ljwfg efsf j?k
• cfsf/ -_at_ jf6 ( Dd_ lt
• sGofsf Hofb 7"nf )) eGbf a9L . Eff/tdf
  _at_(( . blIf0fL clkmsf().
• doMM kfo _at_ jif . dlxgf bvL jif klg
  nfusf .
• dfjzL klsofM
• xeflutfsf cj// (Consultative and
  Participatory Process)
• lgjfrg k4tL -dfgfGt/dfg'kflts_
• pRr t/Lo ljwfg cfofu sf u7g .
• gofF ljwfg lgdf0fsf nflu 4flGts cfwf/ .
  pko'Qm jftfj/0f . -!_at_ j'b xdtL bvL ctl/d
  ljwfg Dd _
• gFof ljwfgsf ljifo jt' Pj jfnjf/ cWoog Pj
  5nkmn .

11
!) jtdfg lyltM

• k"j tof/Ls cjyfdf cndn .
• dfjzL oGqsf jyf cefj -lgjfrg sfg"g ltlt_
• DjlGwt /fhglts zlQmx?sf kltj4tfdf kZg lrGx lt
• æuGtJoÆ jf/ cGofn / cki6tf .
• jwflgs kltj4tfjf6 ljrng -ljwfg efsf ltly
  tyf 3Lo k0ffnL Pj /fhtqsf kZg_
• hg wg '/Iffsf lrGtf

12
!! ljwfg lgdf0f / ljwfg efM r'gfltd"n
d'4fx? Tfyf ljsNk

• ljwfg ef lgjfrgsf ltly / osf nflu eo /lxt
  jR5 Pj jtq jftfj/0f lt
• sfg"gL jfRftf, ljlwsf zfg ls cf7 bnsf
  jfRftf
• Pj zfg lt
• dfjzL oqsf lgdf0f tyf lsofzLntf .
• Jofks hgxeflutf Pj dGjosf oq cfjZos
• -ht, pRft/Lo ljwg cfofu jf /fHo
  k'Mg/rgf
• cfofusf u7g_
• zflGt dmftf Pj cGo dembf/L kfng cg'udgdf
• blvPsf sdhf/L
• ljwfg ef nfO Lldt bnsf jGwgaf6 pGdQm u/L
  
• k'0f gkfnL sf ef jgfpg s/L lt

13
!_at_ ljsNkM

• ljwfg ef sf ljsNk clegfosjfb jfxs ca c? slx
  5g lt ssf / stf clwgfosjfb jf/ ljjfb xfnf .
• cf7bnsf lds/0f sf ljsNk c/fhstf / clwgfos jfb
  dfq x'g S5 .
• ljwfg efsf lgjfrg ltyLsf tTsfn 3fif0ff .
• zfGtL dmftf / ljwfg / jwflgs
  l4fGtx?sf k"0f kfngf
• ljwfg ef lgjfrg ljwossf bjf6 cg'dfbg /
  lgjfrg cfofunfO jtkmsf xofu .
• ljwfg ef sf kefjsf/L e"ldsf tyf ljwfg
  lgdf0f sf k"j tof/Lsf nflu pRft/Lo jwflgs
  lgsfosf cfjZostf .
• kefjsf/L '/Iff Jojyf .
• o'Qm /fi63, o"/fknL 3, ldq /fi6x? tyf
  cGo cGt/fli6o 3 yfsf xofusf nflu
  pko'Qm jftfj/0f / xdtL sfod /fVg' kg .

14
! ctdfM

• ljwfg ef n ug sfo ljwfg efnfO g ug
  lbFpm .
• hg cfGbfng _at_ sf d"n bz lxzfsf cGt,
  zflGt, lbuf khftqsf yfkgf, ljwfg ef
  åf/f eflj gkfnsf sfg'gL vfsf sf tof/L,
  bl/nf dfjzL oqsf lgdf0f, clwgfosjfbsf
  klt/fwdf j /fhgljts zlQmsf Pstf tyf gful/s
  dfhsf ofubfgsf dofbf .
• hgtf g lg0fos x'g eGg oyfy gljf .
• cfk\mgf s'/f 'gfpg eGbf, c?sf s'/f 'gf .