lgjfrg k0ffnL

1
lgjfrg k0ffnL

• ktftf
• s'df/ Oªgfd

2
! kl/ro M

• -s_ lgjfrgsf ki7e"dL
• -v_ gkfndf lgjfrg ksofsf lIfKt hfgsf/L
• -u_ lgjfrgsf ksf/ kl/ro
• -s_ Psn yfg
• a9Ldt lgjfrg
• ax'dt lgjfrg
• rqm lgjfrg, tTsfn rqm lgjfrg
• kfyldstfk"0f lgjfrg
• -v_ dfg'kflts kltlglwTj lgjfrg
• kf6L 'lr -v'Nnf / aGb_
• Psn qmd0fLo dt
• ldlgtt bo
• -u_ cw dfg'kflts kltlglwTj lgjfrg
• dfgfGt/ dtbfg
• Psn cqmd0fLo dt
• -3_ cdfg'kflts ax'yfg
• Psd'i7 dt
• lldt dt
• -3_ jtGq / lgZkIf lgjfrgsf tTjx?

3

• _at_ lgjfrgsf cGt/fli6o dfkb08 / gd'gfofUo
  kofu
• -s_ lgjfrg clwsf/sf Jojyf / kofu
• -!_ UDHR -_at__ CERD -_ ICCPR -_ CPRW -_
  CEDAW
• -v_ ljZjdf ckgfOPsf lgjfrg k0ffnLsf emns
• -u_ gd'gfofUo lgjfrg k0ffnLsf kofu
• a9Ldt k0ffnL M anfot / Tosf kmfObf,
  akmfObf
• dfg'kflts ldgtLt k0ffnL M hdgL / Tosf
  kmfObf, akmfObf
• kfyldstfk"0f k0ffnL M ci6lnof /
  Tosf kmfObf, akmfObf
• -3_ ljBdfg cGtl/d ljwfg / lgjfrg Jojyf
  kl/ro

4

• dofsf ljjrgf
• -s_ dofx?
• -v_ c/x?
• lgZsif

5
! kl/ro M -s_ lgjfrgsf ki7e'ld M

• gful/snfO /fhlso xlot lbnfpg / fjhlgs
  hjfkmbxLsf kbk"tL ug, pQd kltlglw 5gf6 ug,
  cfkm\gf efjgf kltljlDjt / kltlglwTj ug cfjZos
  kb5 .
• kltlglwx?sf rogdf JolQmsf /fHo, d'bfo klt
  OdfGbf/ dk0f xf\ / Ifdtf, bIftf, cfjZostf
  afxs cGo afXo tTjx?n 5gf6 sfodf sd eGbf sd
  kefj k'ofcf eGg wf/0ff /fvL cfOPsf 5.dtbfg
  ljl ztfAbLdf PyGdf z'? ePsf / ! cf
  ztfAbLdf elgsf u6 sfpGLnsf lgjfrgdf
  kofu ePsf .
• !) df Jean Charles de Borda n lgjfrg k4lt
  ljsf u/ . Psn qmd0fLo dtljlw Carl Andrae,
  8gdfs (!_ / Thomas Hare anfot (!_,
  Andrew Inglis Clark, tdgLof (!(_ x?n lgjfrg
  ljlw ljsf u/L kofudf NofP .

6
lgjfrgsf dxTj

• clwstd / kefjsf/L xeflutfsf nflu dtbftfx?nfO
  cfTdlg0fosf clwsf/ 'lglZrt u// dfq oyfyk"0f
  kfg lsg ePsfn .
• dtåf/f kltlglwTj ug' tyf u/fpg' eGbf kltlglwTj
  u/fpg lgjfrg ljlw cem dxTjsf x''gfn .
• a ljrf/, d'x, lnu, hftL dtsf plrt
  kltlglwTj u/fO /sf/ / /fHosf gtft af8FkmfF8
  ug / sfg'g lgdf0f ug xlot kbfg ug' kg
  eP/ .

7
-v_ gkfndf lgjfrgsf lIfKt hfgsf/LM

• ls/fFtsfnsf ækfg t'DofËÆ, lnR5jLsfnsf ækrfnLÆ
  dNn sfnsf ækr Dd'RroÆ, k"j zfxsfnsf /
  /f0ffsfnsf ædfGohg srx/LÆ .
• !( azfv ! df bfª bpv'/Ldf, !( df pkTosfdf,
  !((_at_ df k"j _at_, g / Kt/Lsf sxL 7fpFdf
  yflgo JolQmx?åf/f kltlglwsf 5gf6 .
• _at_)) klxnf ljwfg xf hn lgjfrg cfofusf
  Jojyf gu/L /fi6 efdf dgflgt / lgjfrLt bo
  /xg Jojyf u/sf, cGtl/d zfg ljwfg _at_)) sf
  wf/f _at_ -!_ -_at__ n lgjfrg cfofu / lgjfrgFu
  DaGwLt Jojyf .

8

• _at_)) df hgkltlglwTj Pg, _at_)! df gkfn
  clw/fHosf ljwfgsf kl/lwdf /xL hi7 !(, _at_)!
  df cfd r'gfjsf 3fif0ff / kmfu'g , _at_)! df !)(
  boLo kltlglw efsf Pltxfls ?kn _at_! jif
  jflns dt kofu u/L lgjfrg ePsf .
• _at_)!( fnsf ljwfg, wf/f n lgjfrg DaGwL
  Jojyf u/L !) boLo /fli6o krfotdf !!_at_ yfgdf
  / yflgo txdf ufpF krfot, lhNnf krfot, gu/
  krfot / crn krfotsf lgjfrg,
• gkfn clw/fHosf ljwfg _at_), wf/f !), !) Dd
  lgjfrg cfofu / lgjfrg DaGwL Pgsf Jojyfdf
  uflj, lhlj kltlglw ef / /fli6o efsf
  lgjfrg Jojyf qmlds ?kdf ul/Psf .
• yflgo jfot zfg Pg _at_) /
• gkfnsf cGtl/d ljwfg _at_) wf/f !_at_!) df
  lgjfrg cfofu dt lgjfrgsf DaGwdf Jojyf
  u/sf .

9

• ufpF krfot Pg _at_)) blv yflgo jfot zfg Pg
  _at_) / /fli6o krfot -gfts kltlglwTj, juLo
  tyf Jojflos kltlglwTj / crn ef kltlglwTj_
  Pg _at_)!( / /fk lgjfrg Pg _at_) blv
  kltlglw ef bo lgjfrg Pg _at_) / ToaLr
  kofudf NofOPsf Pgåf/f tflsPsf lgjfrg k4ltx?
  Psn yfg jf ax'yfg a9L dt k4ltdf cfwfl/t ePsf
  kfOG5 . lgjfrgdf b/jf/, 7s'/L, IfqL, afx'g
  hfltx?sf xhtf, Ddfgsf dfWod ePsf / lglZrt
  hflt æSnfgÆ sf nflu lldt ePsf blvG5 .
• _at_) sf kl/jtg kl5 klg cfwf hgVof ePsf dlxnf
  ju / ) eGbf a9L hgVof ePsf blnt, t/fO
  hfltx?sf Hofb sd kltlglwTj ePsf / dt
  kltztsf cfwf/df cNkdtåf/f ax'dt pk/ a9LdtLo
  lg/s'ztf nflbPsf 5 .

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11
-s_ Psn yfg kltkwf M

• Psn bLo yfgsf nflu cjnDaLt o lgjfrg
  ksof cGt/ut lgDg ksofx? krngdf kb5g .
• Plurality -a9L dt k0ffnL_ Plurality ksofnfO
  æhn a9L NofpF5 Ton lhTb5Æ -First past the
  post_ jf æljhoLs aÆ -Winner take all_ eGg
  jLsf/LG5 .
• lhTg pDdbjf/n NofPsf dt vsf s'n dtsf
  sDtLdf ax'dt x'G5 jf x'Fbg eg/ dtnj ul/bg .
• aeGbf a9L egsf sltnfO dfGg eGg vf lglZrt
  Vof geP/ ækltkwLx? dWo a eGbf a9LÆ Fu
  dfq DaGw /fVg x'Fbf æ3f8r9L bf8df hf klxnf
  x'G5Æ -Horse Riding_ Fu t'ngf ug lsG5 . ef/t,
  cdl/sf, Sofg8f, nufot k"j jnfotL pklgjzL
  ljZjsf _at_ d'n'sx?df ckgfOPsf kfOG5 .

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kmfObf

• !b'O bnjLr 5gf6sf pQd cj/ kfKt x'G5 .
• _at_ Ps bnLo ax'dtdf yL/ /sf/sf cfwf/ aGb5 .
• dtbftf / kltlglw jLr uf9f DaGw sfod ub5 .
• sd fIf/ dtbftfsf nflu / dtu0fgfsf nflu
  aeGbf /nx'G5 .
• ofUo, bIf pDdbjf/sf 5gf6 ug kl/t ub5 /
  ofUoaf6 zflt x'g lsG5 .
• kltlglwx?nfO lgjfrg Ifq klt a9L hjfkmbxL
  agfp5 .

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akmfObf

• ! cNkdtn zfg ub5 .
• _at_ a dtsf plrt sb/ / kltlglwTj sb/ x'Fbg, dt
  v/ hfG5 . lgjfrg b'O bndf lldt x'G5 .
• dt Vof / lgjfrLt yfgaLr DaGw /xFbg .
• cNkVof, hflt, au, d"bfosf r'gfj dfkmt
  plrt kltlglwTj x'Fbg.
• '/IfLt lgjfrg Ifq / 'lglZrt lhtsf nflu an,
  kf, zlQm, kb, /sf/L gtft / xlot b'?kofu
  x'g clwstd efjgf x'G5 . IfqLo / lgjfrg Ifq
  d'vL agfpF5 .
• g/fdf pDdbjf/ kf6Lsf 5jLn lhTg / /fdf
  pDdbjf/ kf6Lsf abgfdLn xfg Sg x'G5 .
• asf/ dtklt pbfLg agfpF5 .
• lgjfrg Ifq kl/jtg eO/xg S5 .

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ax'dt lgjfrg M Run Off Voting - rqm_ lgjfrg

• pDdbjf/n ki6 ax'dt kfKt ug gsdf ki6
  ax'dtsf nflu af/Daf/ ul/g lgjfrg ksof -rqm
  dtbfg_ sf lgDg 9fFrfx? krngdf 5g\ .
• Two Round System -b'O rqm k0ffnL_ M
• o Jojyf cGt/ut b'O k6s lgjfrg x'G5,
• bff r/0fdf aeGbf a9L dt kfKt ug
  pDdbjf/x? aLr s'g Ps pDdbjf/sf ki6 ax'dtsf
  nflu lgjfrgdf xefuL u/fOG5 . cGo pDdbjf/x?
  bff lgjfrgdf xefuL gu/fOg x'Fbf o
  lgjfrgdf pDdbjf/n ki6 ax'dt kfKt ug Sb5
  lsgsL cl3Nnf lgjfrgdf xefuL cGo pDdbjf/nfO
  nufOPsf dt b'O hgf kltkwL pDdbjf/x? aLr
  nufpg Defjgf /xG5 .

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• kmGr /fli6o ef -Assembly_, aflhn,
  kfr'un, ci6Lof, lkmgn08, 3fgfsf /fi6klto
  lgjfrg / cdl/sL ljleGg /fHox?df bfxfofP/
  lgjfr ug krng 5 . oBkL bff lgjfrgdf b'O
  pDdbjf/x?aLr dtbfg ePsf cjyfdf ki6 ax'dt
  cfjZos 7flgbg . fkIfLt ax'dt g pDdbjf/ ljhoL
  x'g kofKt dflgG5 . kmGr /fli6o efsf
  lgjfrgdf !_at_ eGbf sd dt kfKt ug pDdbjf/
  pDdbjf/sf gfdaf6 cnu ul/G5 / afFsL
  pDdbjf/x?nfO bff r/0fsf lgjfrgsf nflu
  ofUo dflgG5 . htf ljd/ hdgLsf /fi6kltsf
  bff r/0fsf lgjfrgdf ki6 ax'dt cfjZos lyPg
  .

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• Exhaustive Ballot -emGeml6nf dt_M
• b'O r/0f lgjfrgdf s'g klg Ps pDdbjf/n ki6
  ax'dt kfKt ug gsdf a eGbf sd dt kfKt ug
  pDdbjf/nfO pDdbfj/Laf6 x6fO s'g Ps
  pDdbjf/n ki6 ax'dt kfKt gu/ Dd lgjfrg u/L
  /xLG5 .
• dtbftfx?n w/ k6s dtflwsf/ kofu ug kg x'Fbf
  cfd lgjfrgdf of ksof Jojxfl/s dflgbg .
• anfotL nj/ kf6Ln cfkm\gf bnaf6 ofUo bLo
  lgjfrg pDdbjf/ 5gf6 ug of ksof krngdf
  NofPsf 5 .

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Instant- run off voting (IRV) -tTsfn rqm dtbfg_

• obL Psn pDdbjf/ 5gf6sf nflu ePsf lgjfrgdf
  s'g klg pDdbjf/n ki6 ax'dt kfKt ug gsdf
  pDdbjf/nfO kfKt kfyldstf qmdsf cfwf/df
  pDdbjf/sf 5gf6 ul/G5 . dtbfgs qmddf kTos
  dtbftfn kfyldstf tfsL dtbfg ub5g\ / of
  ksofdf k6s k6s dtbfg ugsf abnfdf dtbfgdf JoQm
  kfyldstfn pDdbjf/ 5fGg k6s k6s dtkqsf uGtL
  ul/G5 .
• kTos u0fgfdf a eGbf sd dt ePsf pDdbjf/sf
  dt dtkqdf JoQm kfyldstfsf bff, tf
  kfyldstfsf pDdbjf/nfO tfgft/0f ul/G5 . s'g
  pDdbjf/n ki6 ax'dt kfKt gu/Dd of ksof
  bfxfofOG5 .

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• ci6lnofsf kltlglw ef, lkmhLsf kltlglw ef,
  gtLnsf, cfo/n08sf /fi6klt / kfk'cf Go'lugLsf
  /fli6o ef lgjfrgdf ckgfOPsf 5 .
• Ps kl/0ffd eP klg ci6lnofdf kyfldstfqmdsf
  dtbfg -Preferential Voting_ / anfot tyf
  cfo/n08df jsnKtLs dtbfg -Alternative Vote_ /
  cdl/sfdf onfO qmdR5f dtbfg -Ranked Choice
  Voting_ gfdfs/0f ul/Psf 5 . aeGbf a9L OR5Lt
  pDdbjf/ / fxL OR5f cg'f/sf qmd _at_, åf/f
  qmlds tx -Rank_ OR5f dtdf JoQm x'g x'G5 .
• kofu ug bzsf Vof M )

19

• aeGbf sd dt eP lghnfO kfKt dt kfyldstfsf
  qmddf xtfGt/0f x'g x'Fbf lghsf gfd pDdbjf/sf
  "rLaf6 x6fO bff k6s u0fgf ul/Fbf "rLaf6
  x6fOPsf pDdbjf/sf dt u0fgf gu/L lghkl5sf
  qmdsf pDdbjf/sf dfq dt u0fgf ul/G5 .
• emGem6Lnf dtbfgsf ljsNksf ?kdf ckgfOPsf of
  ksofdf Dk"0f pDdbjf/nfO qmdfg'f/ pNnv
  ul/g' kg x'Fbf k"0f kfylds dtbfg klg elgG5 .
  w/ pDdbjf/ ePsf cjyfdf dtbftfn cfkm'v'zL
  kfyldstf tfSg x'Fbf Donkey Voting sf 8/ x'g
  S5 .

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kmfObf

• ! sDtLdf ax'dtsf kltlglw agfpF5 .
• _at_ bfgtf r/0fsf dtbfg a9L 'lglZrt -/fdf dWo
  /fdf 5fGg cj/_ x'G5 .
• qmd tfSg gkg x'Fbf /n x'G5 .
• tTsfn rqmdf bfgtf dtbfg geO dtbftfn
  tfssf qmdsf u0fgf qmdzM ul/g x'Fbf vr sd
  x'G5 .

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akmfObf

• ! lgjfrg emGeml6nf / vlrnf x'G5 .
• _at_ lgjfrg kl/0ffd l9nf kfKt x'g x'Fbf cyL/tf
  x'g / dtbftf plrt kltlglwsf cefjdf pbflg x'G5
  .
• a9Ldtsf cGo akmfObf oyfjt /xG5 .
• tTsfn rqmdf kfyldstf qmd tfSg fdfGo
  dtbftfnfO dof x'G5 .

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kfyldstf qmdk"0f dtbfg M

• dtbftfsf kfyldstfsf cfwf/df pDdbjf/ 5gf6 ug
  lsg,
• Psn pDdbjf/ ax'dt lgjfrg ksofsf nflu ko'Qm
  x'g .
• o lgjfrgdf kfyldstf qmd tfSg qmd g qmd gfd,
  qmd lrGx cfbL 9fFrf dtkqdf /fVg lsG5 .
• kfyldstfqmdk'0f lgjfrgdf dtbftfn lgjfrgdf
  qmd -Rank_ / t/ -Rate_ tfsg / dtåf/f ljsNk /fVg
  lsg x'Fbf onfO jsNkLs dt k0ffnL klg elgG5 .
  
• ci6lnof, gf?, kfk'jfGo'lugL -!(!(_, lkmhL
  -!(((_ df kofu .

23
kmfObf

• ! bfgtf, tgtf kfyldstfn dtbftfsf dtsf
  k"0f Ddfg ub5 .
• _at_ cfkm\gf bn afxs cGo bnnfO dt lbFbf bnx?aLr
  fxfbtf a9fpg / v08Lt dfhdf Pstf z'qsf sfd
  ub5 .
• t'?Gt r'gfj ubfsf emGem6 / vr cGt u// klg
  dfg kl/0ffd kbfg ub5 .
• ofUo pDdbjf/sf 5gf6 x'g / efuflns
  cdfgtf cGTo ub5 .
• kltlglw / pDdbjf/jLr fxfb DaGw x'G5 .

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akmfObf

• ! kfyldstf tfSg fIf/ / lzlIft geP Dej x'Fbg
  .
• _at_ Psn yfg lgjfrgdf cdfg'kflts kl/0ffdsf 8/
  x'G5 .
• dtu0fgf emGeml6nf x'G5 .
• ljeflht dfhsf nflu pko'Qm eP klg cGo
  dtbftfsf qmdfssf DaGwn frsf d"bfosf
  kltlglwTj x'g Qmg .

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-v_ dfg'kflts kltlglwTj lgjfrg ksof M

• Dk"0f dtsf dfg b'kofu ub hgVofsf
  cg'kftdf kltlglwx?sf 5gf6 ug kofu x'g
  k"0f kltlglwTj lgjfrg ksof,
• dtVofsf cg'kftdf kltlglwx?sf Vof to x'gfn
  fgf Vofdf /xsf d'bfo, ju, JojfoL, hftLsf
  dt fxL ?kdf kltlglwTj x'g,
• kltlglwTjsf nflu cfjZos dt æsf6fÆ / pDdbjf/L
  ksof cfjZostf cg'f/ lgwf/0f x'g,
• ax'dt lgjfrg ksof cjnDag ug bzx?sf t'ngfdf
  of kltlglwTj ksof a9L nfslko ePsf,
• anfot nufot Dk"0f o'/flkog o'lgogsf bo
  /fi6af6 o'/flkog bsf kltlglwTj oxL ksof
  dfkmt ePsf,

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• anfotsf s6L b / jn /fli6o ef, Sofg8fsf
  kfFr kfGtx? lal6z sfnDaLof, cfG6f/Lcf,
  sr'js, lkG O8jf8 6fk' / Go" jgjLsdf of
  lgjfrgnfO ckgfpg kof yflnPsf 5,
• Go'lhn08, cdl/sL /fHodxfgu/x? Go"cfs,
  SofDaLh, DoffRr'P6\, OnLg\ cfbLdf dt
  kofudf /xsf,
• fdflhs, cflys, /fhglts ?kn k5f8L k/sf /
  hflto cNkVos tyf ldfGt d'bfosf nflu of
  ksof kefjsf/L aGb uPsf,
• hdgL, pQ/ k"jL o'/flkog d'n'sx?df cToflws
  nfslko,
• kmfGn of ksofnfO khftflGqs dfGotf eGbf
  /fhglts k"jfuxsf sf/0f kofudf Nofpg /
  x6fpg u/sf blvG5 . bff ljZjo'4sf cGt
  kZrft sDo'lgi6 pDdbjf/nfO x6fpg of ksof
  ckgfP klg !( df rfN bufnn ax'dt ksof nfu'
  u/ . !( sf lgjfrgdf cfkm\gf dtsf '/Iff
  ug fnLi6x?n k'gM dfg'kflts kltlglwTj
  ksof ckgfP klg pQm lgjfrgdf pgLx?n ax'dt
  u'dfP kl5 osf kofu cGt ePsf 5 .
• dfg'kflts kltlglwTj lgjfrg ksofsf ljleGg
  9fFrfx? dWo lgDg 9fFrfx? a9L krngdf 5g\ M

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kf6L "rL ljlw M

• kf6L "rL dfg'kflt kltlglwTj ksof cdl/sf
  afxs ljZje/ nfslko 5 . DaGwLt /fhglts bnx?n
  to u/sf pDdbjf/sf "rLsf kfyldstf qmd /
  kfKt dtsf cfwf/df pDdbjf/ lgjfrg ul/G5 .
• dtbftfx?n /fhglts bnx?sf d"Nofsgsf cfwf/df
  cfkm\gf dt kofu ub5g\ .
• dtbftfn Oh/fondf em kToIf /fhglts bnnfO dt
  lbg jf 6sL / yfOn08df em pDdbjf/ dfkmt
  kf6Ldf dt lbg klg Sb5g\ .
• /fhglts bn "rL ljlwsf 9fFrf -_at_ bz_
• ! v'Nnf "rL M o ljlwdf r'gfjdf xefuL
  /fhglts bnx?n pknAw u/fPsf pDdbjf/sf "rL
  dtkqdf pNnv ul/G5 . dtbftfn "rLsf pDdbjf/x?
  cfjZos Vofdf 5gf6 ub5g\ / Ps eGbf a9L
  pDdbjf/ ePsf cjyfdf kfyldstf qmd klg tfSg
  Sb5g\ / kfyldstf qmd fxL bnsf "rLdf lldt
  x'g rng 5 .
• gb/n08, lkmgn08n of ljlw ckgfPsf 5 .
• Hofb nfdf "rL / w/ /fhglts bnx?sf xeflutf
  ePsf cjyfdf v'Nnf "rL cJojxfl/s x'g Sb5 .

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_at_ aGb "rL M

• lgjfrgdf bnn g pDdbjf/sf "rL qmd tfssf
  x'Fbf dtbftfnfO pDdbjf/sf kfyldstf qmd tfSg
  gkfpg u/L "rL aGb ul/Psf x'G5 .
• dtbftfn fem /fhglts bnnfO dt nufpg aGb
  "rL ksof Oh/fonsf Dk"0f lgjfrg Ifqx?df /
  o'/flkog o'lgogsf bsf fbx?sf lgjfrgdf
  / kg, kfr'un, Oh/fon, ci6Lof, lkmgNof08,
  kfn08, sfg8lgleog d'n's, Go'hLn08, hdg /
  cdl/sfn ckgfPsf 5 .
• kfKt dtsf cfwf/df /fhglts "rL ksof dfkmt
  ul/g kltlglwTj Vof DaGwLt bnn kfKt u/sf
  dt a/fa/ x'G5 . htf !) dt !) kltlglw .
  kltlglwx?sf Vof eg kltlglwTjsf nflu cfjZos
  dt æsf6fÆ df e/ ub5 .
• /fhglts bn leq dfg'kflts kltlglwTj u/fpg
  ljleGg cjwf/0ffx? krngdf 5g\ .
• sf6fsf cfwf/df kltlglwTj u/L a9L ePsf dt
  bff r/0fdf u0fgf u/L a eGbf a9L dt kfKt
  pDdbjf/nfO kfyldstfsf cfwf/df afFsL l6sf nflu
  lgjfrLt u/fOG5 .

29
"rL ljlwsf kmfObf

• ! cNkVos hflt, wd, efiff, au, d"bfox?sf
  kltlglwTj u/fpg pkofuL x'G5 .
• _at_ bnLo Jojyf k"0f yflkt u/fpF5 .
• bn / ljljw au d"bfo aLr 3lgi6tf a9fpF5 .
• dtsf cfwf/df kltlglwTj u/fpg x'Fbf bdf
  asf xeflutf x'g S5 .
• pDdbjf/ "rLsf cfwf/df Dk"0f dtbftfx?
  dtbfg klt rt x'G5g\ .
• Iflqotfjfb cGt ug / bnx?aLr Qf fembf/Lsf
  kj3g ub5 .
• kf6LnfO kfKt dtsf k"0f b"kofu x'g
  Defjgf x'G5 .
• v'Nnf kf6L "rLdf dtbftfn pDdbjf/sf qmd
  tfSg klg S5g\ .

30
"rL ljlwsf akmfObf

• ! o'Qm /sf/sf Defjgf aGgfn /sf/ sdhf/
  x'g S5 .
• _at_ dtbftf / pDdbjf/ aLr dha'b DaGw /xFbg .
• "rL tof/ ug kf/bzL dfkb08 geP kf6Lsf
  ckhftflGqs lg/s'ztf a9\g S5 .
• fgf Ifq / Ps yfgsf nflu osf kofu x'g
  Qmg .
• fgf bnn klg kltlglwTj ug ePsf x'Fbf
  bnsf 6'lqmg qmd a9g S5 .
• v'Nnf "rLdf fdfGo dtbftfn kfyldstf qmd
  tfSg Sbgg\ .
• 7"nf lgjfrg Ifqdf a dtbftfn "rLsf
  dtbftf glrGg x'Fbf kf6Ln unt pDdbjf/ agfpg
  klg Sg x'G5

31
ldlgtt bo dfg'kflts kltlglwTj M

• of ksofn Psn Vof ax'dt lgjfrg dfkmt cfwf
  / cfwf kf6L "rL dfkmt lgjfrg ul/G5 .
• 7"nf hgVof, efuflns, fdflhs, cflys,
  fFslts, hflto, wflds ljljwtf ePsf d'n'sx?df
  yflgo tyf /fli6o t/sf kltlglwTjsf nflu of
  ksof kefjk"0f dflgG5 .
• aflnleof -kltlglw ef_, DofsLsf, nfyf,
  Go"hLn08, hdgL -3Lo tNnf bg_ , anfot
  -s6n08 / jN_, nfyf -tNnf bg_ dSLsf
  -tNnf bg_ Go"lhn08 -kltlglw ef_ nufot
  ljZjsf w/ d'n'sx?n of ksof ckgfPsf 5g\ .
  vf u/L Go"hLn08n !(() kl5 / xu/Ln of
  ljlwnfO plrt kltlglwTjsf pQd ljsNk dfgsf
  blvG5 .

32

• dtbftfx?n b'O dtkqsf kofu ub5g\, Pp6f
  lgjfrg Ifq kltlglwsf nflu / bff /fhglts
  bnsf nflu .
• hdgLdf Pp6 dtkqnfO b'j kofhgsf nflu kofu
  ul/G5 / pDdbjf/sf dt a/fa/ kf6Ln cfkm\gf dt
  kfPsf dflgG5 . fdfGotof lgjfrg Ifq / kf6L
  "rLdf kg u/L bfxf/f pDdbjf/L agfObg .
• of k0ffnLsf ljleGg kofux?dWo xu/Ldf ax'dt
  ljlw ckgfOPsf 5 .
• egh'Pnfdf yfg a9Ldt / ! yfg dfg'kflt
  kltlglwTjsf nflu "rL dfkmt dSLsfsf ))
  yfgdf a9Ldt / _at_)) yfg dfg'kflts kltlglwTj
  'rLsf nflu 5'6\ofOPsf 5 .

33
ldlgtt dtkq gd'gf
34
bff dtsf cfwf/df l6 lgwf/0f
35
kmfObfx?

• ! a dtsf b'kofu x'G5 .
• _at_ /fli6o Ifq / lgjfrg Ifq aLr dGjo / Gt'ng
  x'G5 .
• efuflns, hflto / fd"bfosf plrt kltlglwTj
  x'G5 .
• akmfObfx?
• ! kf6L "rLsf cju'0fx? a g x'G5g\ .

36
Psn qmd0fLo dt

• dtsf clwstd pkofu u/L dtbftfx?sf efjgf
  adflhdsf kltlglwTj ug / pDdbjf/ slGbt eO
  lgjfrg ug lsof egL of ljlw krngdf NofOPsf
  xf .
• dtsf b'kofu / kltlglwTjsf cfwf/df nfslko
  of lgjfrg ksof ljZjsf w/ bzx?n kofudf
  NofPsf 5g\ .
• _at_)) sf lgjfrgdf pQ/L cfo/n08 / u0ftGq,
  ci6lnof, Go"lhn08, dfN6fx?n kofudf NofPsf
  of ljlwdf pDdbjf/nfO kfyldstfqmdsf cfwf/df
  dt lbOG5 . s6n08sf lgjfrg _at_)) / cdl/sL gu/
  -sofDaLh, Doffr'P6_ sf lgjfrg _at_))( df
  ckgfpg tof/L ePsf blvG5 .
• Devised by Carl Andrae, Denmark in 1985,
  Thomas Hare, England in 1857, Promoted by Andrew
  Inglis Clark.

37

• ci6lnofdf of ljlwnfO "Hare-Clark System" /
  US df "Choice Voting" sf gfdaf6 hflgG5 .a dtkq
  Ps yfgdf /flvG5 / dtbftfsf kfyldstf qmdsf
  cfwf/df pDdbjf/x?sf qmdfÍ tfSg ul/G5 .
• sf6f M Psn qmd0fLo dtnfO pDdbjf/ lgjfrLt
  ug Sg Go"gtd dt jf sf6f lgwf/0f u/L dt
  xtfGt/0f ul/b nluG5 . sf6f lgwf/0f ug
  ljlwx? dWo a eGbf nfslko 8'k sf6f lgDg
  ksofåf/f ul/G5 .
• dt
• l6 Vof !
• pDdbjf/ 5gf6 ug cfjZos Go"gtd dt kfKt
  gePdf jf a9L ePdf Totf dt kfyldstf qmdsf csf
  pDdbjf/nfO xtfGQ/0f xFb hfG5 . of ksof
  sf6f adflhdsf Dk"0f kltlglwx?sf 5gf6
  gePDd hf/L /xG5 .

38

• dt u0fgfdf cfjZos sf6f kfKt gePdf a eGbf
  sd dt kfKt pDdbjf/sf gfd x6fOG5 / f dt
  DefJo pDdbjf/sf dtdf u0fgf u/L kltlglw 5gf6
  ul/G5 . a9L ePsf dt k'gM bff qmdsf
  pDdbjf/df xtfGt/0f u/Lbf sf6f kfKt gePdf a
  eGbf sd dt ePsf csf pDdbjf/sf dt dt u0fgf
  u/L sf6f k'/f ul/G5 / kltlglw 5gf6 ul/G5 .
• kfyldstf qmd cg'f/ dtsf u0fgf ug
  emGeml6nf eP klg sDKo"6/ kljlwaf6 xh u0fgf
  ug lsG5 . cfo/n08, ci6lnof, Go"hLn08,
  -yflgo lgsfo lgjfrg_ df kofu . Thomas Hare
  åf/f ! df ljslt / dsfnLg fyL John Styuart
  Mill / Walter Bagehot åf/f kzLt Hare Model klg
  nfslko 5 .

39
dt qmd0fLo ksof -sf6f _at_)) dt_
40
kmfObfx?

• ! dtsf cg'kftdf pDdbjf/sf 5gf6 x'G5 .
• _at_ efuflns, hflto, aluo / dfg'kftLs x'G5 .
  ldlnh'nL /sf/sf jftfj/0f agfpF5 .
• of z'Id khftflGqs ljlw dflgG5 .
• odf dtsf Go"g ckdfg x'G5 .

41
akmfObfx?

• ! fdfGo / fIf/ gePsf dtbftfx?df osf plrt
  kofu ug lsGg .
• _at_ dtbfg / dtkqsf u0fgf ljlw hl6n x'G5 .
• osf clt kofun PsbnLo yL/ /sf/sf cGt
  ub5 .
• hl6n dt kofu ljlwsf sf/0f dt ab/sf cg'kft
  a9g S5 .

42
cw dfg'kflts M

• cw dfg'kfltssf ksf/x?
• dfgfGt/ dtbfg M
• o ljlwdf dtbftfn b'O cnu cnu lgjfrgsf nflu
  cnu cnu ksof dfgfGt/ ckgfO kltlglwsf 5gf6
  ul/G5 .
• a9Ldt lgjfrg ljlw / dfg'kflts kltlglwTj
  dfgfGt/ dtbfgdf ldlgtt 9uaf6 kofu ul/G5 . ctM
  Psn yfg bLo lgjfrgsf nflu ax'dt lgjfrg ljlw
  / afFsL bnx?n kfKt u/sf dtsf cfwf/df "rL
  tof/ ul/ kltlglwTj u/fOG5 . cNjflgof, cdlgof,
  ch/jhfg, Sofd?g, hlhof, Ujf6dfnf, hfkfg,
  blIf0f sfl/of, n'y'lgof, DofSLsf, gfOh/,
  Kofn6fOg, lkmlnlkG, gun, llnL, fdflnof,
  tfOjfg, 6o'lglof, sf6fl/sfn of ljlw cknDag
  u/sf 5g . onfO ldlgtt lgjfrg ljlw klg elgG5 .

43
kmfObfx?

• ! 7"nf bnx? a9L dt ljlw dfkmt / fgf bn,
  cNkVos, d"bfosf kltlglw dfg'kflts lgjfrg
  dfkmt lgjfrLt x'g S5g\ . t/ dfg"kflts
  lgjfrgsf yfg a9L x'g' kb5 .
• _at_ b'O cnu dtkq4f/f dtbftf yfgLo / /fli6o
  t/df kltlglwTj u/fpg Qm5 .
• kf6L "rLdf em kf6L v08Ls/0fsf ult sd x'G5
  .

44
akmfObfx?

• ! lgjfrg Ifqsf kltlglwsf lgjfrg IfqFu /
  dfg"kftLs kltlglwsf bnFu dfq a9L 3lgi6tf /xG5
  .
• _at_ dfg"kflts k0ffnL eP/ klg lglZrt kltzt kfKt
  gug bnn kltlglwTj kfKt ubg .
• osf kofu sxL hl6n x'Fbf dtbftfdf cGofntf
  a9fpF5 .

45
Psn cqmd0fLo dt

• ax'yfg lgjfrg Ifqdf of ljlw kofu u/sf
  kfOG5 . h'g Psn qmdl0fo eGbf km/s 5 . odf klg
  dtbftfnfO Pp6 dt kfKt x'G5 . fdfGotof Ps
  lgjfrg Ifqsf w/ yfgdf Ps k6Lsf w/
  pDd4f/x?sf 5gf6 ubf of lalw ckgfOG5 . of
  ljlw kofu u/L kTos pDd4f/n kfKtu/sf
  dtsf cfwf/df pDd4f/ lahlo x'G5 . t/ Ps
  pDdbjf/nfO kfKt dt fxL kf6Lsf csf s'g
  pDd4jf/nfO xtfGt/0f x'Fbg .

46

• ? / c08f/fdf cfwf yfg, ckmuflgtfg / hf8gsf
  tNnf, OG8fglof / yfOn08sf dflyNnf bg, /
  k6fl/sf, tfOjfg, hfkfg, bsfl/ofdf kofu
  NofOPsf 5 .
• _at_) cl3 gkfnsf bLo lgjfrgdf kofu u/sf,
  6\o'lglofdf Psd'i7 / !_at_ 'rL dfg'kflts,
  fdflnof (_at_ dfg'kflts / a9L dt, hfkfgdf
  ) a9L dt / ) "rL dfg'kflts kofudf 5g\ .

47
kmfObfx?

• ! Ps lgjfrg Ifqdf a9L yfgsf lgjfrg x'Fbf
  f yfgsf pDdbjf/ aLr dfg'kflts kltlglwTj
  x'gS5 .
• _at_ lgjfrg / u0fgf ljlw /n x'G5 .
• bnx? lgjfrg Ifqdf a9L u7Lt x'g S5g\ .

48
akmfObfx?

• ! Go"g kltztsf ?kdf bze/ 5l/Psf dtbftfsf nflu
  of b'efUok"0f ljlw x'G5 .
• _at_ Ps dtsf afWotfn kofKt ljsNk dtbftfn kfKt
  ug Qmg .
• Ps bn leq kltkwf / klt4lG4tf a9fpF5 .
• a dt pkofuL x'g gsL v/ hfG5 .
• kf6Lsf ks8 adflhd pDdbjf/ gePdf kf6Lsf
  efjLt xf/ / kltlglwTjsf cGo x'G5 .

49
Non Propertional Multi seat -cdfg'kflt ax'yfg_
lgjfrg

• o ljlwdf lgDg 9fFrfx? krngdf 5g\
• Block Voting -Psd'i6 dt_
• w/ l6 ePsf Ps lgjfrg Ifqaf6 w/
  pDdbjf/sf 5gf6 ug Block Vote kofu ul/G5 .
  Block Vote sf tl/sf dtkqsf 9fFrf cg'f/ km/s
  km/s x'g S5 .
• a9L dt Psd'i7 ksof h'g Ifqdf hlt pDdbjf/ 5g\
  Tolt dt dtbftfx?nfO kfKt x'G5 / w/ dt kfKt
  ug pDdbjf/ ljhoL x'G5 .
• kyfldstfk"0f Psd'i6 ksof of ljlwdf kTos
  dtbftfn dtkqdf tfssf qmd cg'f/ yf/ dtkfKt
  ugnfO qmdzM x6fO kfyldstfsf dtx? dt u0fgf
  u/L ax'dt geP Dd u0fgf ul/G5 .

50
Psd'i7 dt

• ax"yfg lgjfrg Ifqdf pDdbjf/sf Vof a/fa/
  dtbftfnfO dt lbg kfpF5g . pQm dt lghsf OR5f
  cg'f/ Ps pDdbjf/nfO a jf cGo pDdbjf/nfO
  klg lbg S5g . a9L dt kfKt ug JolQm lahoL x'G5
  .
• kofu ug bzsf Vof M !
• kmfObfx?
• ! pDdbjf/sf Ifdtf, u'0fsf cfwf/df dt lbg
  lsG5 .
• _at_ dtbftfdf a9L clwsf/ x'G5 .
• akmfObf
• ! Ps bnsf w/ pDdbjf/ ePdf a9L dt k0ffnLsf
  cju'0f oxfF k'g/fjQ x'G5 / pDdbjf/n xfb5 .

51
bnLo Psd'i7

• of kfyldstfk"0f Psd'i6 / bnLo Psd'i6 u/L
  kofudf km/s ePsf kfOG5 . bnLo Psd'i7df dt
  bnn kfpF5 / a9L dt kfKt ug bnn p7fPsf j
  pDdbjf/ ljhoL x'G5g\ .
• kofu ug bzsf Vof M !
• kmfObfx?
• ! of ljlw /n x'G5 .
• _at_ of ljlwdf hflt, efiff, au / d"bfosf Gt'n
  agfpg S5 .
• akmfObf
• ! fdfGo ax'dtaf6 a9L yfg kfKt ug x'Fbf a9L
  dtsf bfif odf sfod x'G5 . -!((! df !Ü dtn
  (Ü yfg lhtsf lufk'/_

52

• Kofnf6fOg, ax/fog, cfOe/L sfi6, klZrdL
  fdfcf, j/d'8f, lkmhL, nfcf, yfOn08, s'jt,
  dfNbLE, lkmlnlkG, dfl/, o' P -hhLof_,
  ci6lnof -!()!!(!_, kfNof08 -lg6 lgjfrg_
  Knfni6fOg -b_, aNhLodsf b'j bg -xfn
  kofudf 5g_ df osf kofu ePsf kfO5 .

53
Limited Voting -lldt dtbfg_

• lgjfrg Ifqsf cg'kftdf cfkmgf dtbftf sd eP
  lhTg Sg jf cfkmgf hlt a dt kfKt ug Sg
  JolQm pDd4f/ agfO5 . dtbftfn klg w/ yfgx?
  ePklg yf/ pDd4f/nfO dtbfg ub5g . kmnt
  cNkVofsf d'bfo jf dtbftfnfO kltlglwTj u/fpg
  yk /ntf x'G5 . htf ls lgjfrg Ifqaf6 5 hgf
  pDd4jf/ lgjfrg ug lsg eP lhTd ul/ hgfnfO
  dfq dt lbg lsg u/L /fs nufpg S5 . h'g lgjfrg
  a9L dtsf cfwf/df 3flift x'G5 .
• l6 Vofsf cfwf/df dtflwsf/ glbO lldt ugfn
  fdfGo ax'dt ksof ckgfpg xf eg lhTg Sg
  pDd4f/sf dt afFl8O xfg S5 . DofSLsf,
  aflnleof / chG6Lgfsf lg6 / aflnleofsf
  jwflgs kl/ifb\ lgjfrg _at_)) df of ljlw
  lgjfrgsf nflu ckgfPsf kfOG5 .
• kofu ug bzsf Vof M !

54
kmfObfx?

• ! yf/ kf6L dtaf6 klg pDdbjf/ lhtfpg lsG5 .
• _at_ ePsf dtsf b'kofu x'G5 .
• dtbftfFu fxfb / femf DaGw aGb5 .
• akmfObfx?
• ! cNkVos / ax' hflt dfhdf on plrt
  kltlglwTj u/fpg Qmg .
• _at_ cfkm"nfO kfKt l6sf b'kofusf kof g
  x'Fbg .

55
lgZkIf / jtGq lgjfrgsf "rfÍx?

• lgjfrg lsg / s/L lt sf kZgn lgjfrgsf ljlzi6
  u'0fx? ki6 ub5 . ælgjfrgÆ nfO æ5gf6Æ df
  lldt ubf a9L ckhftflGqs x'G5 .
• jtGq / jR5 lgjfrgsf fystf dtbftf / Jojyf
  jLrsf DaGwåf/f ljZnif0f ug h?/L x'G5 .
• dtbftfn cfgf xlot bvfP/ zfg Jojyfsf
  /rgfdf kx'Fr /fVg Sg hgd'vL lgjfrg cfjZos
  x'G5 . lsgsL lgjfrgsf d'Vo gfosx? dtbftf /
  pDdbjf/ x'g\ .

56
lgjfrg ksofnIo DaGw
57

• lgjfrgsf "rfÍn sDtLdf lgDg dfGotf jLsf/
  ug' kb5
• gful/s pDdbjf/ Ö xlot Ù fjefd,
• jtGqtf / Ifdtf,
• dfgtf Ù hft, j0f, lnË, wd, ju / e'ufn,
• Gofo Ù s/0f, ljjs / Gofoflrttf .
• "rfÍssf ljifoat'
• aflns dtflwsf/, j0f, lnË, au, hft hflt, Ifq,
  zlIfs, Jofjflos ?kd pDdåf/ x'''''g tyf
  /fhglts bnx?nfO r'gfjdf efu lng, krf/ kf/
  ug jtGqtfÙ
• /fhglts ef, enf, 5nkmn ug jtGqtfÙ

58

• pDdbjf/sf ?kdf dtbftf fd' kt't x'g jtGqtfÙ
  
• lgZkIf /fli6o tyf cGt/fli6o lgjfrg cg'udg,
  kqsf/x?nfO dtbfg sGbdf /n kx'FrÙ
• jtGq lgjfrg cfofu jf sfofno dfkmt lgjfrg
  sfoÙ pko'Qm dtbfg sGb / dtkqsf Jojyf,
• dtkq / dtbfg yn, dtbftf / pDdbjf/sf ''/Iff,
• kf, kb, kefj Go"lgs/0f, bfxf/f, utn /
  cgflwsf/ dtbfgdf /fsÙ
• dtu0fgf / k'g dtu0fgf ynsf '/IffÙ

59

• j1flgs dtu0fgfsf kofuÙ
• r'gfj DaGwL cfrf/ lxtfÙ
• lgjfrg ck/fw Pgsf Jojyf / fsf lgZkIf
  'g'jfOÙ
• wfwnLo'Qm dtbfg ePdf k'gM dtbfgsf JojyfÙ
• clwstd j1flgs dtkq / dtbfg ljlwsf kofu -htf
  dtkqdf lrGx nufpg, Kjfn kfg, ljWo'tLo oGq
  "Touch screes/push buttom" /fVg, clzlIft
  dtbftfnfO
• Wofgdf /fvL dtkqdf pDdbjf/sf tjL/ /fVg,
  dtbfgsf lbgdf sf/0fj pklyt x'g gSg dtbftfn
  cluNnf lbg dt /fVg kfpg Jojyf ug cfbL_.

60

• UN Millennium Declaration
• jtGqtf -clwsf/sf clwstd /Iff ub dfgjf5Lt
  khftflGqs / xeflutfd'ns zfgdf xefuL x'g_,
• dfgtf -dlxnf k'?if anfO clwsf/ / cj/_Ù
• Ddfg -Ps csfsf cdfg ljrf/, slt / efiff_ /
• fxfbtf sfod ub e"ldsf tyf bfloTjnfO
  dt lgZkIf / plrt9af6 Gofok"0f ljt/0f ul/g'
  kg .
• Venice commission
• jflns, dfg, jtGq, ufKo / kToIf dtbfgnfO
  cfwf/e"t kfFr l4fGtsf ?kdf 3fif0ff,

61

• Inter Parliamentary Union, Geneva
• jtGq / lgZkIf lgjfrgsf "rfFsx?sf 3fif0ff,
• !_ lgjfrg Pg / Jojyf,
• _at__ lgjfrg Ifq Jojyf,
• _ lgjfrg Jojyfkg,
• _ dtflwsf/,
• _ dtbftf gfdfjnL,
• _ gful/s lzIff / dtbftfsf hfgsf/L,
• _ pDdbjf/, /fhglts bn, u7g / vr,
• _ r'gfj krf/ kf/,
• (_ dtkq, 'k/LjIf0f / kl/0ffd,
• !)_ ljjfb / lg/fk0f,

62
_at_ lgjfrgsf cGt/fli6o dfkb08 / gd"gf ofUo
kofu

• ! ljZjJofkL dfgj clwsf/sf 3fiff0ff !(
• ktfjgf ædfgj klti7f, Ddfg / clwl5Gg clwsf/sf
  dfGotf g ljZjdf jtGqtf, Gofo / zflGtsf cfwf/
  ePsfÆ / æcTorf/ / bdgsf lj?4 c? pkfio gkfP/
  ljbfx ug' g clGtd pkfo 7fGg dflg afWo x'g,Æ
  
• wf/f _at_!-!_ ækTos JolQmnfO cfgf bzsf
  /sf/df kToIf ?kn jf jtGq ?kn r'lgPsf
  kltlglw dfkmt efu lng clwsf/ x'g5,Æ
• pkwf/f -_ æhgtfsf OR5f /sf/sf Qfsf cfwf/
  x'g5 / otf OR5f cfd tyf dfg dtbfgåf/f do
  dodf ul/g lgZkIf r'gfj dfkmt cleJoQm ul/g5 /
  Totf r'gfj u'Kt dtbfg jf Tot jtGq dtbfg
  k0ffnLaf6 ul/g5 Æ eGg Jojyf .

63

• wf! /fhglts ljrf/, cGts/0f,
• wf _at_) -!_ zflGtk"0f tl/sfn ef ug, yf
  vfNg clwsf/,
• wf_at_ hflt, j0f, lnu, efiff, wd, /fhglts jf
  cGo dt, /fli6o jf fdflhs pTklt / DkQL jf cGo
  s'g dofbfsf cfwf/df ebefj gu/L kTos
  JolQmnfO o 3fif0ffdf pNnlvt clwsf/ /
  jtGqtfsf clwsf/ x'g5 eGg Jojyf .
• _at_ a ksf/sf hflto ebefj cGt ug cGt/fli6o
  cleGwL !(

64

• wf _at_ /fHon hflt, /Ë, /fli6otf jf hflto
  pTktLsf cfwf/df ebefj gu/L lgjfrgdf efu lng,
  dt nufpg, pDdbjf/L lbg, a txsf fjhlgs
  jf / /sf/df efu lng clwsf/, ljrf/ /
  clwJolQmsf jtGqtf, zflGtk"0f enf x'g / ef
  ug jtGqtfsf kTofe"lt ug k5 .
• gful/s / /fhglts clwsf/ DaGwL cGt/fli6o
  dxf cg'jGw !(
• wf/f / _at_ n gful/s tyf /fhglts clwsf/sf
  kofu ug k'?if tyf dlxnfx?nfO dfg ?kdf /fHon
  kTofe"t ug' kg / plrt sf/0f tyf ljgf ebefj
  kToIf jf kltlglw dfkmt fjhlgs sfox?df
  efulng, jflns dtflwsf/sf cfwf/df x'g cfjlws
  lgjfrgdf OR5Lt AolQmnfO dtlbg jf lgjfrLt x'g
  ufKo dtbfgsf kTofe"t u/sf 5 .

65

• khftGqdf hflvddf /xsf d'x / cNkVosx?sf
  clwsf/sf Ddfg cfjZos 5 . of /fhglts ljifoat'
  dfq xfOg . Totf JolQmx? JoQm efjgfn fdflhs
  yfOTjnfO efjgfn fdflhs yfOTjnfO dha't
  dt agfpF5 (Butros Butros Ghali, Angenda for
  Peace, UN, 2nd ed. para 81, 1995)
• osf kofusf yk kyfx?
• jff 3fif0ffkq _at_))),
• zfn Nkfg ckm Psg _at_))_at_
• flG6ofuf Ddngn r/d ul/jL, cflys dbefj,
  fdflhs (Exclusion), cNkljsf / ldfGttfsf cGt /
  ebefj lj/fwL l4fGtsf s8fOsf fy kfngf gu/Dd
  khftGqn jfOTj kfKt gx'gfn dlxnf, o'jf dt
  jnfO /fhlgltdf dfjz ug u?/L 5 1 eGg
  lgsif lgsfnsf kfOG5 .
• 1 The communities of Democracies, 2005,
  Santiago Ministerial Commitment and Cooperating
  for Democracy, CD/April 30, 2005.

66

• clkmsg o'lgogsf nfd -6fuf_ sfg'g -_at_)))_,
  f o'lgog /sf/ kd'vx?sf Ddngåf/f kfl/t
  æclkmsfdf khftflGqs lgjfrg ug l4fGtsf
  3fif0ffÆ / blIf0f clkmsg ljsf d'bfon
  ækhftflGqs lgjfrg ug ckgfPsf l4fGt tyf
  dfubzg_at_)),Æ æcGt/ cdl/sg khftflGqs
  j8fkq))!Æ lndf, jflª\6g kf6fsn / /fi6d08n
  (Common Wealth Nation) sf x/f/ 3fif0ff !((!,
  sf ljzif dxTj 5 .
• o"/flkog dfgj clwsf/ GwL, elg cfofu
  o'/flkog kl/ifb / o'/flkog o'lgogsf dflns
  clwsf/ DaGwL j8fkq_at_))) wf/f(!! åf/f kfbt
  clwsf/ /fHon vfg Qmg egL jnkmo/ kf6L lj
  6sL sf d'bfdf1 JofVof u/sf kfOG5 . 1
  13 Feb. 2003, Judgement, Para 87, 89

67

• dlxnfx?sf /fhglts clwsf/x? DaGwLt
  cleGwL!(_at_
• o'Qm /fi63sf j8fkq / dfgj clwsf/ DaGwL
  ljZjJofkL 3fif0ff kqdf pNnvlt kfjwfgnfO
  lhjGQtf kbfg ug of cleGwL ul/Psf, ktfjgfdf
  .
• dlxnf lj?4sf j ksf/sf ebefjx? leq ug
  cGt/fli6o cleGwL !((, K6Da/ !(!,
• wf/f /fhglts tyf fjhlgs lhjgdf dlxnfx?
  lj?4sf ebefj cGt ug / j lgjfrg, hgdt
  uxdf dt lbg / lgjfrLt x'g kfpg, /sf/sf
  gLlt lgdf0f, Tosf sfofGjogdf xefuL x'g,
  fjhlgs sfo Dkfbg ug, bzsf fjhlgs /
  /fhglts hLjgu DaGwLt u7g, yfx?df xeflu
  x'g kfpg clwsf/ /fHokIfn 'lgZrLt ug' kg .

68
u_ gd"gfofUo lgjfrg k0ffnLsf kofu

• a9Ldt k0ffnL (First Past the Post)
• cGo lgjfrgx?sf t'ngfdf a9Ldt k0ffnL /n ePsf
  sf/0f f/sf _at_! d'n'sx? dWo ! d'n'sx?df osf
  kofu ePsf 5 .
• jnfot, Sofg8f / lt d'n'sx?af6 kefjLt bzx?df
  of k0ffnL nfslko eP klg dtu0fgf ljB'lto
  pks/0f dfkmt ul/g yfnkl5 of k0ffnL qmdz sd
  nfslko x'g nfusf 5 .
• anfotdf osf kofu M
• anfotsf kltlglw ef bo lgjfrgdf of ljlw
  kofu ul/OPsf . pDdbjf/ dWo Ps hgf 5fGg Ps
  hgfsf r'gfj lrGxdf dtbfg ul/G5 / dtsf Vofsf
  cg'kftdf lgjfrgsf t'?Gt 3fif0ff ul/G5 . of
  ksofn 7"nf b'O bnsf arZj sfod /fV5 ljzif
  cjyfdf fgf /fhglts bnx?n klg cNkdtsf /sf/
  jf u7aGwg /sf/ jgfpg S5g t/ Totf /sf/ yL/ /
  alnof x'Fbg .

69

• /sf/df ule/ ctJottf x'g S5, o sf/0f O6nL
  / Oh/fonn a9Ldt k0ffnL cGt u/sf kfOFG5 .
• a9Ldt lgjfrg k0ffnLdf cNkdtn ax'dt pk/ zfg
  u/ klg To oyfynfO of k0ffnLn s'g /fsf/
  /fVbg .
• !(! df 6f/L / !( df nj/ kf6Ln cNkdtdf
  ax'dt NofP . !(( sf lgjfrgdf nj/ kf6Ln _at_Ü
  dtdf Ü bLo l6 lhtsf / 6f/L lnj/n
  8dfqmof6n nj/ kf6Lsf eGbf Ü a9L Ü dt
  NofP klg _at_ l6dfq lhtsf / _at_))! sf lgjfrgdf
  nj/ kf6Ln Ü dtdf ! / Ü dtdf _at_ l6
  lhtsf kfOG5 . _at_)) sf lgjfrg kl/0ffd klg dfg
  vfnsf Ü dtn g ax'dt l6 lhtsf kfOG5 .
• anfotsf lbo r'gfjsf Oltxfdf !( blv
  xfnDd s'g klg /sf/ ax'dtsf cfwf/df u7g uPsf
  kfObg . pQm ksofn cNkdtsf fgf /fhglts bnx?
  a9Ldtsf ælgjfrLt lg/Í'ztfÆaf6 bf lkl8t k/sf
  5 .

70

• lnj/n 8dfqmof6n _at_))! df kfKt dtsf
  dfg'kflts kltlglwTj x'g xf eg bdf jt !_at_)
  l6 lhTg cjyf x'G5 . anfotdf ax'bnLo khftGq
  ePklg zfg k0ffnL Psblno lg/ª\s'ztf ePsf
  kfpF5f . vf u/L dfu/6 Yofr/ / hfg dh/sf
  dodf -!((!((_ / -!((_at_))_at__ df otf lg/Í'ztf
  kfpF5f . ejt o sf/0f x'g S5 !(((_at_)))
  ljrdf ePsf dt uxdf )Ü dtbftfx?n a9L dt
  JojyfnfO dfg'kflts kltlglwTj k0ffnLdf
  kl/jtg ug' kg dt hfx/ u/sf kfOG5 .
• Psn yfg a9Ldt lgjfrt k0ffnLsf cltl/Qm ax'yfg
  a9Ldt lgjfrg ug Psd'i6 k0ffnL / blno Psd'i6
  k0ffnLx? kofudf 5g\ . Psn dt / ax'dt tyf
  JoQmLnfO / bnnfO dt kbfg ug ljlwo'Qm leGgtf
  afxs cGo kofu / ksltsf cfwf/df Psn yfg
  lgjfrg / a9Lyfg lgjfrg k0ffnLdf vf km/s 5g
  .

71

• /fhglts bn lgjfrg aif
• !(( _at_))!
• dt Vof dt
  Vof
• lnj/n 8dfqmof6\ ! !(
  _at_
• 6f/L ) !
  
• nj/ _at_ !( !

72

• a9Ldt lgjfrg k0ffnL k0ffnLsf kmfObfx? M
• !_ /ntf M /n dtbfg tyf u0fgf ljlw, 5l/tf /
  sd vlrnfM fwf/0f dtbftfx?sf nflu a'emfpg
  lhnf x'g / kf6L /fhgLlt eGbf AolQmsf 5gf6
  ug dtbftfx?sf nflu of pko'Qm ljlw dflgG5 .
• _at__ pko'Qm JolQm dfkmt zfgM pDdbjf/ kf6Lu
  DaGwLt eP klg dtbftfn kf6Lsf pDdbjf/ dg
  gk/fpg S5g\ / kf6LnfO lhtfP/ JolQmnfO x/fpg
  jf kf6LnfO x/fP/ JolQmnfO lhtfpg S5g\ . kmntM
  nfslko dflgPsf pDdbjf/ xfg S5 . rfxsf
  JolQm dfkmt zfg ug of /fdf pkfo x'G5 .

73

• dtbftfFusf kToIf DaGw / hjfkmbxLtfM
  dtbftfsf dtsf sb/ ug' pDdbjf/sf bfloTj ePsf
  / pQm bfloTj k"/f gu/df csf lgjfrgdf g/fdf
  kl/df0fsf fdgf ug' kgx'Fbf pDdbjf/nfO
  dtbftfFu kToIf DaGw agfO plgx?klt a9L
  lhDdjf/ x'g afWo agfpF5 . /fli6o dxTjsf
  pDdbjf/ cfkm\gf lgjfrg Ifqdf xfg'sf d'n
  sf/0f oxL xf .
• dhj't ljkIfLsf '?jft M ax'dtsf cfwf/df s'g
  bnn /sf/df ke'Tj hdfpg x'Fbf bfgtf 7"nf
  /fhglts bnn ljkIfLsf e"ldsf vNg / /sf/nfO
  l7s af6fdf Nofpg xofu k'ofpF5 .

74

• Ps JolQm Ps dtsf kofu M Psd'i6 jf bnLo
  Psd'i6 lgjfrg k0ffnLdf afxs Psn yfg a9Ldt
  lgjfrg k0ffnLdf Ps JolQm Ps dt k0ffnL kofudf
  x'G5 .
• IflqotfM efuflns ?kdf Iflqo t/df /xsf
  kf6Lx?sf f Ifqdf pRr kefj x'g / kltlglwTj
  u/fpg S5g . cWokL /fli6o ?kdf xg xf eg
  Tof dtn kltlglwTj u/fpg gSg klg x'g S5 .

75
a9Ldt lgjfrg k0ffnLsf akmfObfx?

• ! lgjfrg b'O kf6Ldf lldt x'g, a9Ldt k0ffnL
  dfkmt cGgt lgjfrgdf b'O kf6Lsf kltkwf
  x'g ub5 . anfotdf !(_at__at_ blv xfnDdsf _at__at_ cfd
  lgjfrgsf ! j6f kl/0ffdn bdf ki6 ax'dt
  lbP/ /sf/ agfP klg cGo fgf bnx?n /sf/df
  xeflutf hgfpg ssf 5gg\ .
• _at_ dtsf cgfb/M a9Ldt k0ffnLsf a eGbf 7"nf
  sdhf/L g lgjfrg dfkmt JoQm a eGbf a9L dtsf
  sb/ gx'g' xf . lgjfrgdf cNkdts /sf/ algg /
  fxL ksof ! jf _at_ kf6Ldf dfq 3'ld/xg ub5 .
  kmntM ax'dt v/ hfG5 . anfotsf _at_)) sf
  lgjfrgdf _at_Ü dt xfgx?sf / !Ü dt lhGtx?sf
  a9L dt )Ü dt v/ uPsf blvG5 .

76

• plrt kltlglwTjsf cefj M lgjfrgdf JoQm efjgf
  cg'?k kltlglwTj gx'g jf JoQm kltztsf t'ngfdf
  kltlglwTjsf kltzt gx'g fgf bn, ju, d"x,
  hfltx?sf slxNo kltlglwTj x'g Qmg . ksofs
  ?kdf æfgfÆx?sf xlot lldt / cGt ug jf
  æ7"nfÆsf bofdf e/ kg x'G5 .
• lgjfrg Ifqd'vL agfpF5 M lglZrt lgjfrg
  Ifqn g lglZrt pDdbjf/sf kltlglwTj u/fpg
  x'g x'Fbf /fli6o t/sf JolQmTj To Ifqdf
  lldt x'g5g\ / cfkm\gf Ifqsf ultljlw klt a9L
  jbgzLn x'g afWo agfpF5 . cGtt /fli6o dxTjsf
  JolQmTj lgjfrgsf kfljlws sf/0fn lldt /
  anfjvt ljjflbt x'g ub5 .

77

• '/IfLt Ifqsf vfhL / ljsltsf gthgf M
  khftflGqs klqmofdf vb hgs cfr/0f of lgjfrg
  ljlwsf pkh dflgG5 . h/L klg lhTg 7"nf gtfn
  '/lIft Ifqsf vfhL ug, cGo pDdbjf/x?n klg
  h/L klg a9L dt Nofpg kof ug jftfj/0f aGb5 .
  ljslzt d'n'sdf klg '/Iflt Ifqsf vfhL ug /
  ul/a, cNkljszLt d'n'sdf an, wfs,, wg / kefjsf
  clwstd b'?kofu x'g u/sf kfOG5 .
• dlxnfsf Go"g kltlglwTjM dfg'kflts
  kltlglwTj gePsf sf/0f dlxnfx?sf Go"g
  kltlglwTj x'g ub5 . cdl/sL kofu dt _at_))_at_
  sf lgjfrgdf )Ü dlxnf hgVofaf6 san !Ü l6df
  kltlglwTj u/sf kfOG5 . anfot, ef/t cflb
  d'n'sx?df klg of dofsf plQs hl6n ?kdf /xsf
  kfpF5f .

78

• lgjfrg Ifqsf kl/jtg M
• cdl/sL lgjfrgsf kl/0ffd dtbftfn s/L dt lbP
  eGbf klg lgjfrg Ifq s/L lgwf/0f ul/of eGg
  cfwf/df a9L kefljt x'G5 . htf !(() sf
  lgjfrgdf 8dfqmof6n 6Sfdf ((Ü dt dfkmt
  )Ü l6 sAhf u/ . /fhglts bnn cfkm\gf
  kefjsf cfwf/df cfkm" cg's"n lgjfrg Ifq agfO
  /xG5g\ / dtbftfx?sf ckdfg x'g ub5 . ctM
  lgjfrg Ifq cyL/ kfg / h/L klg lhTg
  æh/Ld08/LË ljlw ckhftflGqs / cGofok"0fÆ
  dflgFb cfPsf 5 .

79
dfg"kflts lgjfrg k0ffnL

• f/sf d'n'sdf dfg"kflts / _at_ d'n'sdf
  cwdfg"kflts lgjfrg k0ffnLnfO hf8/ xg
  xf eg f/df jflws ( bzx?df kofudf
  cfPsf,
• ljszLt khftflGqs bzx? cli6of, aNhLod, fOk,
  8gdfs, lkmgn08, hdgL, lu, cfo/n08, Oh/fon,
  nShDju, dfN6f, gb/n08, gj, kfr"un, kg,
  jL8g, jLh/n08n kofu u/sf .

80

• Go"hLn08n o aif klxnfaf6 kofu u/L cfPsf
  a9L dt k0ffnLsf sdhf/Lx? 5fgljg ug cfofusf
  u7g -!()_ / !(( sf hgdt ux dfkmt a9Ldt
  k0ffnLsf abnfdf dfg"kflts lgjfrg k0ffnL
  yflkt u/sf, anfotdf dt lgjfrg 'wf/ dfhn
  a9Ldt k0ffnL gckgfpg Nnfx lbPsf / 6fgL
  Ano/4f/f u7Lt hlsG cfofun !(( df cw
  dfg"kflts k0ffnL lkmf/L u/sf Tof lkmf/L
  xfn sfofGjog geP klg s6n08 / aNn cw
  dfg'kflts k0ffnL ckgfO ssf 5g\ .
• lgjfrgdf JoQm dt kltztsf cfwf/df kltlglwTjsf
  kltzt u/fpg kf6L "rL, Psn qmd0fLo / ldgtLt
  bo Vofsf ljlw kofudf 5g\ .

81
hdgLdf dfg"kflts lgjfrg k0ffnLsf kofu

• hdgn a'G86fu lgjfrgsf nflu dfg'kflts
  kltlglwTj ldgtLt 9fFrfsf ckgfPsf 5 . fbx?
  dWo cfwf kToIf lgjfrgsf dfWodaf6 / cfwf
  kf6Ln kfKt u/sf dtsf cg'kftdf lgjfrg ul/G5
  . _at_))_at_ df ( l6sf nflu _at_(( lgjfrg Ifq
  (Wahlkreise) / xfn !Ü dlxnfsf a'G86fudf
  kltlglwTj 5 . pQm ldgtLt lgjfrg k0ffnLn kToIf,
  jtGq, dfg / ufKo dtbfgnfO 'lglZrt u/sf
  kfpFb5f . sDtLdf ! aif pd/ k'usf JolQm s'g
  lgjfrg Ifq jf kf6L lni6df pDdbjf/sf ?kdf
  66 sfpsn dgflgt ub5 . hdgdf /xsf fgf
  kf6Lx?sf dt bdf kltlglwTj u/fpg o
  k0fflndf s'g Ps lgjfrg Ifqdf dfq lhTg fgf
  kf6Lx? klg of lgjfrgdf xefuL x'G5g, htf
  lkm 8dfqmfo6 kf6L, oWokL sDtLdf Ü dt kfKt
  gu/L of 'ljwf pkofu ug lsbg .

82

• dtsf cg'kftdf sd pDdbjf/ lgjfrLt ePdf dfq
  dfg'kflts ?kdf kltlglw ug lsG5 .
• hdgLdf a dtbftfx?n _at_ dt kofu ub5g, Ps
  dt lgjfrg Ifqsf bdf kltlglwTj ugsf nflu /
  csf dt kf6Lsf nflu . kf6Ldf kfKt nfslkotf
  tyf bIftfsf cfwf/df kf6L4f/f qmdfg'f/ tof/
  u/sf b pDdbjf/sf "lrsf 1 pDdbjf/
  kf6Ln bze/L kfKt u/sf dtsf cg'kftdf qmdzM
  lgjfrLt x'G5g . lgjfrg Ifqaf6 lgjfrLt ePsf
  bo Vofaf6 gk'u Vofsf nflu dfq "rLaf6 afFsL
  Vof ykL lgjflrt ul/G5 . lgjfrg Ifq / kf6L
  "rL b'jlt/ pDdbjf/L gfd ePsfdf lgjfrg
  Ifqaf6 lgjfrLt geP dfq "rLdf dfjz ul/G5 .
  pDdbjf/sf nflu cfjZos eGbf a9L dt lgjfrg
  Ifqx?af6 kfKt ePdf a9L ePsf dt a/fa/ yk
  pDdbjf/ lgjflrt ul/G5 . o/L lgjflrt ePsf
  cltl/Qm VofnfO Overhung Seat elgG5 h''g
  Vofn fljssf fb Vof a9g hfG5 . 2
• 1 oWokL jfefl/ofdf pDdbjf/sf "rL v'Nnf
  /flvG5 / w/ 3Lo /fHox?df b'j dt Pp6 dtkqdf
  g lbg ul/G5 .
• 2 hdg afxs Go"lhn08sf tNnf bgdf klg of
  krng 5 . _at_)) sf lgjfrgdf !_at_) boLo tNnf
  bgsf Vof !_at_! x'g k'Uof . anfotsf s6 b,
  aN / n08gsf efdf a9Ldt cfO kf6Lx?nfO
  lbOG5 / hDdf bo Vofdf kl/jtg x'Fbg .

83
ldgtLt bo dfg"kflts lgjfrgsf kmfObf M

• ! dtbftfn yfgLo / /fli6o kltlglw 5fGg
  kfpF5g\ .
• _at_ yfgLo kltlglw4f/f yfgLo / /fli6o
  kltlglw4f/f /fli6o dof dfwfg ug S5g\ tyf
  lgjfrg Ifqsf kltlglw Fusf DaGw klg hLj
  /xL/G5 . s'g cj/fw x'Fbg .
• a9Ldt / ax'dtsf cju'0fsf cGt / dfg"kflts
  kltlglwTj x'G5 / kltlglwTjdf Gofo kb5 .

84
ldlgtt bo / dfg'kflts lgjfrgsf akmfObf M

• ! /fli6o kltlglwx? / dtbftfaLr kToIf DaGw
  gePsf sf/0f DaGw dha't x'Fbg .
• _at_ "rL tof/ ul/Fbf kf/bzL dfkb08 geP kf6L
  lg/s'z / ei6 aGg S5 .
• v'Nnf "rLdf fdfGo dtbftfn kfyldstfqmd
  tfSg Sbgg\ .
• /fHo g lgjfrg Ifq x'Fbf "rLst pDdbjf/
  DaLt dtbftfn glrGg x'Fbf kf6Ln unt pDdbjf/
  agfpg klg S5 .
• fgf d'x, hft, kf6Ln kltlglwTj kfpg x'Fbf
  kf6L 6'qmL/xg S5 .
• o'Qm /sf/sf kjn Defjgfsf sf/0f /sf/
  sdhf/ x'G5 .
• otf kltlglwåf/f bLo sfd sf/jfxLnfO 't
  agfpF5 .

85
kfyldstfk"0f lgjfrg k0ffnL M

• dtbftfsf dt b'?kofu gxf / OR5Lt pDdbjf/nfO
  kltlglw agfpg lsof eGgsf nflu kfyldstfk"0f
  lgjfrgsf ksof ckgfOG5 .
• dt JolQm ul/Fbf ljsNkdf dt dt lbg lsg x'Fbf
  onfO jsNkLs dt k0ffnL klg elgG5 .
• of ljlwdf qmd jf t/ -!,_at_, jf A, B, C_ Psn
  yfgsf nflu / ax'yfg ePdf kfyldstfsf dt
  qmdfg'f/ qmd0fLo x'g klg S5 .

86
ci6lnofdf kfyldstfk"0f lgjfrg k0ffnLsf
kofu M

• ljZjsf yf/ bzx? dWo ci6lnofdf dtbfg
  clgjfo 5 . dtbfg ug gsdf Tosf kli6s/0f lbg
  jf hl/jfgf ltg' kg Jojyf ePsfn eGbf sd
  dtbftfn dfq dt kofu ubgg\ jf cgkrfl/s dt
  -vfnL pDdbjf/ dtbfg_ xfN5g\ .
• ci6lnofdf tTsfn rqm k0ffnL / Psn qmdl0fo
  ljlw qmdz Psn yfg / ax'yfg lgjfrgdf kofu
  ul/G5 . tTsfn rqm k0ffnL cg'f/ !) boLo
  kltlglw ef Psn bo1 lgjfrg Ifqsf Dk"0f
  pDdbjf/nfO -!) eP ! blv !), _at_) eP ! blv _at_)_
  nfO qmd jf t/ tfsL kfyldstfk"0f dt lbg
  ul/G5 . dtkqsf gfdqmds cfwf/df !, _at_, qmd nlv
  dt lbg u/sf x'Fbf pDdbjf/sf gfdfjnL qmd
  gfdsf cfwf/df dtkqdf /fVg ylnPsf 5 .
• 1 /fHo ljwfg ef, yflgo gu/ efdf dt oxL
  ljlw ckgfOG5 .

87
3 ljWodfg cGtl/d ljwfg / lgjfrg Jojyf
ljutdf ePsf hgcfGbf

• cfGbfng tyf 3ifsf kl/0ffd j?k ).. df
  gkfn /sf/ / gskf dfcfjfbL_ jlr ePsf ljtt
  zflGt Demftf,
• gkfnsf cGtl/d ljwfg _at_) sf ktfjgfn
  æcfkm\gf nflu cfkm ljwfg agfpg / eod'Qm
  jftfj/0fdf ljwfg efsf jtGq lgjfrgdf xefuL
  x'g kfpg clwsf/Æ kbfg u/sf,
• ljwfgsf wf/f -!_ n æcfkmn gofF ljwfg
  lgdf0f ug,Æ
• pkwf/f -_ df ældgtLt lgjfrg k0ffnLsf cfwf/df
  lgjflrt )(Æ box? lgjfrg ug / To dWo _at_)
  hgf xfn sfod /xsf lgjfrg Ifqaf6 / _at_) hgf
  dfg'kflts lgjfrg k0ffnL cg'f/ lgjflrt ug
  Jojyf u/sf 5 .

88
lgjfrgsf ljziftf M

• ! cGtl/d ljwfgn cfd lgjfrgsf nflu ldgtLt
  lgjfrg k0ffnL , cfwf b kltlglw -_at_)_
  DaGwLt lgjfrg Ifqaf6 lgjflrt u/fpg .
• dtbftf / pDdbjf/x? aLrsf fxfb DaGwnfO
  oyfjt /fVg / pQm JojyfnfO plrt kltlglwTjsf
  dfkb08 dfGg 4flGts dfGotf sfod u/sf blvG5 .
  
• of lgjfrg a9Ldt ljlw -klxnf x'g lgjfrLt
  x'g_ g ePsf x'Fbf t'ngfTds kltkwfsf
  v/fjLx?, vf u/L kbsf b'?kofu, an, wgsf
  b'?kofu x'g DefjgfnfO OGsf/ ug lsGg .
• _at_ bsf cfwf fbx? -_at_) hgf_ dfg'kflts
  lgjfrg k0ffnLsf cfwf/df lgjflrt x'g,
• bznfO g Ps lgjfrg Ifq Ifq dfgL /fhglts
  bnnfO dt lbg dfg'kflts lgjfrg x'g x'Fbf
  bze/ /xsf Dk"0f cNkVos hftL, au, d"bfo /
  bnsf dt plrt kltlglwTj x'g clwstd Defjgf 5
  .

89

• Pltxfls ?kdf dlxnf pDdbjf/Lsf Vof
  Go"gtd, Ps ltxfO, clgjfo ul/Psf x'Fbf )Ü
  hgVof eP/ klg ljutdf !)Ü dlxnfsf kltlglwTj
  x'g gssf cjyfdf of Jojyf kultzLn dfGg'
  kb5, oWokL dfg'kflts l4fGtsf cfwf/df pQm
  Vof cem klg k"0f dfGg lsGg .
• a9L dt ljlw cGt/utsf _at_) boLo lgjfrgdf
  /fhglts bnn dfjzL l4fGt kfngf u/L
  pDdbjf/sf rog ug' kg clgjfo JojyfnfO
  sf/fTds kof dfGg' kb5 . oWokL dfjzL
  l4fGtsf "rgfx? s x'g eGg ki6 Jojyf eg
  kfObg .

90

• dfg'kflts lgjfrg k0ffnL cGt/ut lgjfrLt
  x'g _at_) bosf "rL DalGwt /fhglts bnx?n
  tof/ ubf dlxnf, blnt, pTkLl8t, cflbjfL hghflt,
  lk5l8Psf Ifq, dwzL / cGo aux? dtsf
  kltlglwTj u/fpg JojyfnfO lgQfGt khftflGqs /
  Goflrt dfGg lsG5 .
• pQm "rLsf Ifqx? to ul/P klg lt Ifqaf6 "rLt
  ugsf nflu cfjZos cGt/ laifojt' dfkb08 s x'g,
  stf x'g' kb5 eGg ki6tf gePsf x'Fbf lt
  IfqnfO cfwf/ dfgL ckhftflGqs tyf ck/fbzL
  9uaf6 kf6L"rL tof/ x'gSg vt/fsf eg cGt
  ePsf 5g .

91
lgjfrg k0ffnLsf cki6tf

• xfn a9L dt / dfg"kflts lgjfrg k0ffnLnfO
  ckgfOPsf eP klg of dtsf kofu Psn dtkq jf
  b'O dt kq dfkmt ul/g eGg ki6 5g . dfg ?kdf
  kf6L "rL dt ljlw v'Nnf u/L kfyldstf qmd tfSg
  lsg xf jf "rLsf gfd xg, k9g afxs sxL ug
  glsg u/L aGb 9fFrfsf x'g xf, ki6 5g .
• v'Nnf kf6L "rL a9L khftflGqs eP klg luf
  /fi6 g Ps lgjfrg Ifq ePsf cjyfdf sDtLdf _at_)
  hgf pDdbjf/sf kfyldstf qmd tfSg sfo cej
  g blvG5 . cWokL pQm lgjfrg IfqnfO jf
  Ifqdf ljeflht u/L sxL Vof sd ug lsG5 .

92

• fIf/tfsf cfwf/df kfyldstf tfSg v'Nnf ljlw
  Jojxf/Ls gx'g S5 .
• aGb "rL pko'Qm / Jojxfl/s ljsNk eP klg tflsPsf
  Ifqaf6 gfdfjnL "rLst ug 'rfsx? 3flift /
  a /fhglts bnsf nflu Ps vfnsf x'g h?/L 5 .
• aGb "rL ckgfpFbf kf/bzL "rfsx? g/flvg xf
  eg a9L dtsf lg/s'ztf Dj4 /fhglts bnsf
  lg/s'ztfdf kl/0ft x'g afxs jftljs dfg'kflts
  kltlglwTj gx'gS5 .

93

• fdGtL sf/sf lg/Gt/tf
• ! dtsf cfwf/df dfq pDdbjf/sf 5gf6 ul/g'
  kgdf ! hgf bo dgflgt ug Jojyf .
• _at_ wf/f !! n /fhglts bn vfNg, rfng ug
  / Tosf krf/ kf/ ug /fs gnufP klg wf/f !_at_
  sf pkwf/f n bn btf ug sDtLdf bz xhf/
  dtbftfx?sf dyg lxtsf xtfIf/ o'Qm lgjbgsf
  cfwf/df bn btf ug ztnfO bljjso'Qm,
  Gofoflrt / khftflGqs dfGg lsGg .

94
jtGq / jR5 lgjfrgsf "rfÍ

• jtGqtfk"js jR5 jftfj/0fdf lgZkIf lgjfrgdf
  xefuL x'g ! aifnfO ofUo dtbftf dflg ufKo
  dtbfg ug,
• dtbfg nufPt lgjfrg DaGwL Dk"0f sfoug
  awflgs lgsfosf ?kdf lgjfrg cfofusf Jojyf
  / cfofunfO eflts, cflys / hgzlQmsf k"tL
  ug dtsf Jojyf wf/f !_at_, !_at_( / !) df
  ul/Psf kfOG5 .
• eo / qf /lxt aftfa/0f gthgfsf kof,

95

• ljwfg ef bo pDdbjf/sf ofUotfsf kZg
  lg/fk0f ljwfg ef cbfntn ug, wf/f t/
  wf/f !!-!_ n ælgjfrg DaGwL ph'/L xg Ps
  ljwfg ef cbfnt u7g ul/g5Æ eGg Jojyfsf
  kl/kIodf wf/f sf kofhg s sf nflu cki6,
• lgjfrgdf jR5, lgeo jftfj/0f tof/ ug /
  xltof/sf Defljt b'?kofunfO /fSgsf nflu wf/f
  ! df pNnv ul/Psf æxltof/ tyf gfsf Jojyfkg
  cg'udg DaGwL Demftf )Æ -dl/ _at__at__,
• gkfn /sf/ / gskf -dfcfjfbL_ jLr DkGg ljtt
  zflGt Demftf )Æ -dL/ _ nfO ljWodfg
  cjyfdf lgikIf / jtGq lgjfrgsf cfwf/tDe dfGg
  lsG5,
• o'Qm /fi6 3 dt cGt/fli6o cg'udgstfx?sf
  cg'udg .

96
dof ljjrgf! dtsf plrt kltlglwTjsf cefj
M

• ljutdf /fHon ckgfPsf unt lgjfrg k0ffnL /
  /fHosf /rgfsf sf/0f /fi6sf tdfd hflt, ju,
  d'bfo, cNkVos / Iflqo Gt'ng sfod x'g sg .
• jkmfbf/ /Ifssf ?kdf lldIf JolQmx?nfO bzsf cnu
  cnu Ifq / juaf6 dgflgt ug krng .
• ) eGbf a9L dlxnfsf kltlglwTj tLg cfd
  lgjfrgdf clwsQd / /fli6o efdf !!
  clwsQd x'g'n pRr nlus ljebtf /xsf.

97

• )( hgVof ePsf kxf8L afx'g / IfqLsf
  Go"gtd / a9Ldf / !! /xsf t/fO tyf
  kxf8sf blntx?sf ) dfq kltlglwTj x'g',
• _at_ eGbf a9L kxf8L cfbLjfL hghfltsf clwsQd !
  / d'nLdsf a9Ldf _at_ dfq kltlglwTj
  ePsf hflto / jluo ljeb,
• hgVof ePsf gjf/sf Dd kltlglwTj
  ePsf,
• ! t/fOjfLsf a9Ldf !_at_ /
• t/fOjfL cfbLjfLsf Dd kltlglwTj
  ePsf,
• kltlglwTjsf kltzt !((!, !(( / !((( sf
  lgjfrgdf kxf8L afx'g IfqL / t/fOjfLsf qmdzM
  pRr ljGb' tkm / gjf/ afxs cGo hfltx?sf pRraf6
  Go"g ljGb' tkm qmdLt ePsf kfOG5 .

98

• kl/0ffd
• ! cdfg kltlglwTj
• hgVofsf cg'kftdf hflt, ju, d'bfo / Ifqsf
  kltlglwTj gxg,
• hflt / tyf lnu jLr pRr ebefj x'g,
• pTkLl8t, blnt hftnfO cjxlnt Jojxf/ ug,
• cfGbfngsf b'/L fy ldfGt, cNkVos, hghflt,
  cflbjfL, dwzL, blnt hfltx? zfg / cflys
  gtftsf kx'Fraf6 cnUofpFb nhfg,
• tL ju, hftsf cj/, Ddfg / Ifdtf s'rg kfg,
• OR5Lt pDdbjf/sf bf cefj x'g jf dtbfgdf OR5Lt
  ljsNk gx'g,
• dtsf pRr sb/ gx'g /
• a hgtf faefd geP/ lldt JolQmx?dfq faefd
  ePsf .

99
_at_ cNkdtsf lg/s'ztf M

• _at_ cNkdtsf lg/s'ztf M
• ljutsf lgjfrg k0ffnLn cNkdtåf/f ax'dt pk/
  zfg ug ckhftflGqs Jojyf yfut u/sf,
• !((!, !(( / !((( sf bLo lgjfrg dWo gkfnL
  sfun kyd / tf lgjfrgdf / !
  dt kfKt u/sfdf qmdz !!) - _ / !!! -_at_
  _ kltlglw 5flg ax'dt pk/ zfg u/sf,
• dtåf/f JoQm rfxgfsf dfg'kflts Ddfg gx'g /
  ul0flto a9L dt k0ffnL dfkmt kltlglwx?sf 5gf6
  x'g x'Fbf kTos lgjfrg Ifqdf kTos
  pDdbjf/n ax'dtsf kltlglwTj gu/sf,

100

• kTos kltlglw bnLo lldt Vofsf lxt, cfTdLotf,
  'DaGwsf nflu ax'dtnfO cgfbf/, ckdfg ug /
  yfut?kdf g yflgo t/af6 sGbDd cNkdtsf
  lg/s'ztf yfkb5 .
• kl/0ffdtM
• ! /fHosf 7'nf lxf /fhlso sfosf
  fembf/Laf6 cnlub uPsf,
• _at_ax'dt v/ ,
• kfljlws sf/0fn 7'nf dt Vof kltlglw
  ljlxg ePsf,
• fgf bnx? 7"nf bnsf / yf/ l6 Vof ePsf
  fgf bn w/ l6 Vof ePsf 7"nf bnsf
  lg/s'ztfdf lklPsf,
• Dk"0f, ju, Ifq hfltsf kltlglwTj kfoM
  gePsf,
• /fhglts bndf ljrng / sfostfdf ljWjfTds
  fr a9\b uPsf, /
• lxfTds Ifadf lta cfsif0f / alb ePsf
  Jojxf/af6 kdfl0ft .

101
afx'n ljrf/ tyf fdflhs /rgfsf kltljDa
gx'g' M

• a9L dt lgjfrgn kltkwfsf pRr b'O /fhglts bn
  g lqmo agfpg / /sf/sf xsbf/ agfpg x'Fbf
  bzleq /xsf ljrf/, wd, slt, hft, jusf
  afx'n j?k b tyf /sf/df kltljlDat x'g sg /
  gofF ljrf/, rfxfgf /fVg /fhglts bnsf yfloTj
  bf dofk"0f ePsf5 .
• !((( sf cfd lgjfrgdf /fkkf / Pdfnaf6
  cnUuLPsf -/fkkf rGb_ / gskf -dfn_ n /
  s'n dt NofP/ klg Ps l6 Dd kfKt ug
  sgg\ .
• !((!, !(( / !((( df qmdz !_at_, !( / _at_ j6f
  /fhglts bnx?n Ps pDdbjf/ klg lgjflrt ug
  sgg\ .

102

• lgjfrgdf ljhoL bn / xefuL pDdbjf/n fdflhs
  tyf Iflqo /rgfsf kltlglwTj ug sgg,
• /fhglts bnx?Fu cDj4tf hfx/ ug jtGq
  pDdbjf/x?sf Vof qmdz _at_!(, / k'Ug'n
  klg lgjfrgsf cnfslkotf ki6 x'G5 .
• kl/0ffdtM
• ! 7'nf afxs cGo /fhglts bndf ljti0ff kbf
  u/sf blvG5,
• _at_ gofF bn tyf jtGq pDdbjf/L klt cfsif0f
  a9\g blvG5,
• plrt Ddfgsf cefjdf cVo pko'Qm /fhglts
  ljrf/ / pDdbjf/nfO knofg ug jftfj/0f yKb
  hfG5 .

103
a9L dt lgjfrg k0ffnLsf kl/0ffd M

• ljutaf6 kofu ul/Psf a9L dt lgjfrg k0ffnLsf
  bfif j?k gkfn htf !)! hft hflt, d'bfo,
  cNkVos, wd, ePsf d'n'sdf clwsfz Totf ju,
  hflt, d'bfox? bzsf /fhglts, cflys / fdflhs
  d'n kjfxaf6 cnu x'g k'u .
• bzsf lgjfrgx?df dtbftfsf xeflutfdf
  Gtfifhgs al4 x'g sg .
• dtbftfx?sf xeflutf _at_)!, _at_) -hgdtux_,
  _at_), _at_) -/fk lgjfrg_, _at_), _at_)) -cfd
  lgjfrg_ df qmdzM _at_, (_at_, _at__at_, ),
  ! / _at_)! u/L clwsQd dtbftfx?n dfq
  dtbfg u/sf kfOG5 .

104

• dfg'kflt / ldlgtt lgjfrg ckgfpg hdgLsf )
  jifsf Oltxf xg xf eg pQm dtbfg 36Ldf
  / a9Ldf (!! Dd kfOG5 .
• clgjfo dtbfg ePsf ci6lnofdf ( fdfGotof
  dtbfg x'g kudf gkfnsf dtbftfx?df dtbfg klt
  pTfx x'g gSg' cfkmdf k0ffnLsf g bfif dfGg'
  k5 lsgsL a9Ldt k0ffnL ckgfpg anfotdf klg _at_))!
  sf lgjfrg kl/0ffdn ( dfq dtbfg ePsf
  blvG5 . hdgLdf dtbfg kltzt
• !(( -_, !( -_, !( -_, !(!
  -(_, !( -_, !(( -_, !(_at_ -(!!_,
  !( -()_at__, !() -_, !( -(!_, !(
  -_, !(() -_, !(( -(_ / !(( -_at__at__
• Federal Election in German, German Embassy,
  Washington DC, www.germany.info.org

105
lgZsif

• lgjfrg k0ffnLsf 9fFrfM
• cGtl/d ljwfgn ldlgtt lgjfrg dWo a9L dt /
  dfg'kflts k0ffnL ckgfpg Jojyf ul/ ssf
  x'Fbf stf a9L dt k0ffnL / dfg'kflt k0ffnL
  ckgfpg eGg kZgdfq lg/fk0f ug' kg blvG5 .
• xfn kofudf /xsf lhNnfsf /rgf kl/jtg
  u/L dlxgfleq lgjfrg DkGg ug cDej 5 /
  xfns lhNnf oyfjt /fvL _at_) lgjfrg yfgnfO
  ax'yfg lgjfrgdf kl/jtg ul/Pdf
• Ps lhNnfsf cnu cnu lgjfrg Ifqsf kltlglw
  aLrsf åGb dfKt x'g / f lhNnfsf Dk"0f
  dtbftf klt a kltlglw dfg ?kdf lhDdjf/ x'g
  cjyf gthgf x'g S5 .
• Ps lgjfrg Ifqaf6 ax' lgjfrg Ifqsf Jojyf
  ugffy dtbftfx?df 5gf6sf a9L cj/ kfKt e Psn
  yfgdf eGbf a9L ofUo pDdbjf/sf 5gf6 x'g S5 .

106

• pDdbjf/n lldt IfqnfO dg, wg / ansf cfwf/df
  '/IfLt /fvL jkftLsf gtf x'g tyf bn, /fHodf
  c/fhs x'g cjyfsf cGt x'g S5 .
• of ljlwn gtfsf rft'o gti7tf eGbf dtbftfsf
  ul/df / jeflds xlot yflkt ub5 .

107

• afFsL _at__at_) -_at_) !_ bo g dfg'kflt lgjfrgsf
  nflu /fvL /sf/af6 dgflgt ug ux khftflGqs
  ksofsf cGt ug .
• /fHonfO g Ps lgjfrg Ifq dfgL dlxnf, blnt,
  pTkLl8t, cflbjfL hghflt, lk5l8Psf Ifq /
  dwzLx?sf kf6L "rL tof/ ubf ljBdfg !)! hfltx?
  dWo sd 'lawfkfKt hfltx?nfO kfyldstf lbg, .
• Dk"0f bz g Ps lgjfrg Ifq x'Fbf "rL nfdf
  x'g / DaGwLt hflt, d'bfo, ju / Ifqsf a
  dtbftfn lrGg sl7gfO x'g x'Fbf bznfO
  lgjfrg Ifq agfO r'gfj ug,
• dtx?sf u0fgf / pDdbjf/sf 5gf6 Psd'i6,
  slGbst u/L dtbftfsf t/sf sf/0f v'Nnf "rL
  Jojxfl/s gx'g x'Fbf aGb "rL kofudf Nofpg /
• "rL agfpg ko'Qm ju, Ifq, hfltx? aLr 5gf6 ug
  pgLx?sf Ps?ktfk"0f "rfs agfpg .

108
(No Transcript)
109
cGo

• _at_! b'j ksofaf6 lgjflrt kltlglw bz / bn
  klt hjfkmbxL agfpg hjfkmbxLsf "rfs ljsfz
  ug .
• _at__at_ cfwf eGbf a9L hgVof cfu6sf dlxnfx?sf
  Go"gtd / a9Ldf hgVofsf cg'kftdf
  kltlglwTj u/fpg .
• _at_ pDdbjf/sf tlj/ dtkq / dt "rLdf clgjfo
  /fVg .
• _at_ dtbftfsf 'ljwfsf nflu dtbfg sGbsf plrt
  Jojyf ug .
• _at_ ofUo dtbftfsf clwsQd xeflutfsf nflu dtbfg
  lzIff, dtbftf '/Iff / dtkqsf /nLs/0f ug .
• _at_ cnu cnu dtkqsf kofu ug .
• _at_ dtbftfsf gfdfjnL tof/L j1flgs 9uaf6 u/L
  dodf g dtbftfsf Ifqdf pknAw u/fpg .

110

• _at_ cyfoL afjf u/sf Ifqaf6 dtbfg ug
  Jojyf ldnfpg .
• _at_( unt dtbfg pk/ s7f/ lgoGq0f ug .
• _at_!) lgjfrg kojIfs, kqsf/ / dfgj clwsf/
  6fnLnfO lgjfw ?kdf dtbfg sGbsf kojIf0f ug
  lbg .
• lgjfrg cfofu kltjbg, _at_))! / sfkgxug Ddng
  -!(()_ n Jojyfdf cfwfl/t .

111

• _at_!! dtbfg sGb, dtkl6sf / dtu0fgf ynsf
  kofKt '/Iff kaGw ug,
• _at_!_at_ dtkqdf dtbfg clwstsf dtbfg sGbdf g
  xtfIf/ u/L dtbftfnfO pknAw u/fpg .
• _at_! dtbfg sGb / cfkfdf lgeotfk"js,
  jtGqtfk"js / jljj