Title: Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza
1Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza
- Threats to Biodiversity Conservation in Africa
College of African Wildlife Management Mweka,
Tanzania July 2008
2Overview
- Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza
- Introduction History
- Current Threat
- Potential Impacts on Biodiversity Conservation
- Preparedness and Response
- Global Avian Influenza Network for Surveillance
(GAINS)
3Influenza A Virus
- Three types of Influenza A virus
- Seasonal Influenza
- Widely circulating amongst humans (cause of the
flu) - Avian Influenza
- Primarily infects birds, but other mammalian
species (including humans) susceptible - Low Pathogenicity
- High Pathogenicity (H5N1)
- Pandemic Influenza
- Virus with the capacity for efficient, sustained
human to human transmission
4Influenza A Virus
- Typified by two types of surface proteins
- Hemagglutinin (HA)
- Neuraminidase (NA)
- No cross immunity between seasonal and avian
influenza
5Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza
- HPAI defined based upon high mortality rates in
domestic poultry - H5N1 is the currently circulating HPAI strain
6H5N1 HPAI
- First Identified in 1996 in Guangdong, China
- Initial outbreak in domestic poultry 1997, Hong
Kong - 1.5 million chickens culled
- 18 people infected 6 died
- Reemergence in Hong Kong in February 2003
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8Historical Influenza Pandemics
- 20th century pandemics
- 1918 (50 million deaths globally)
- 1957 (1 million)
- 1968 (750,000)
9Belshe RB. N Engl J Med 200535321
10Pandemic InfluenzaImpacts
- Pandemic influenza poses significant public
health risk - No pre-existing immunity to H5N1 in human
population - Isolates have demonstrated some anti-viral
resistance - Vaccine has been developed, but may not cover
pandemic strain - Difficulty of containment
- Projected Pandemic Costs
- 10-180 million deaths worldwide
- Economic Impact 2-3.1 of global GDP (gt2
trillion USD) (World Bank)
11Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza
- Bird to Bird Transmission
- Predominant type of transmission to date
- Primarily still a disease of birds
- Viral spread via trade in poultry and poultry
products - Via trade in caged/exotic birds
- Via human movement
- Via wild birds
- The relative importance of wild birds in
transmission varies by situation - Research indicates HUMAN MOVEMENT and TRADE are
the most common sources of viral transmission
12Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza
- Bird to Human Transmission
- Rare
- Usually a result of very close contact with
infected poultry and infected blood/tissues or
contaminated surfaces - Human to Human Transmission
- Isolated instances suspected (Thailand, 2004)
- No sustained human to human transmission to date
13H5N1 Distribution
- Poultry
- H5N1 in domestic poultry in Asia, Africa,
Pacific, Europe and Near East - Considered endemic in parts of Asia and Africa
- gt240 million bird deaths
- H5N1 case mortality rate in domestic poultry
90-100 in 48 hours - Humans
- H5N1 confirmed cases in Asia, Africa, and Near
East - 2003-2008 378 cases 238 deaths
- Case mortality in humans 60
14H5N1 Influenza Avian Case Distribution
15H5N1 Influenza Avian Case Distribution
16H5N1 InfluenzaHuman Case Distribution
17H5N1 in Africa
- February 2006, H5N1 first identified in
commercial poultry in Africa (Nigeria and Egypt) - April 2007, H5N1 identified in Ghana and Togo
Poultry Wild birds Captive Birds Humans
FAO
Countries with H5N1 presence in birds (as of
Sept. 2007)
18Poultry Density and CIRAD Wild Duck Telemetry
Locations in Africa as of June 30, 2008
CIRAD
19H5N1 East Africa
- Currently H5N1
- Egypt
- Djibouti
- Sudan
- Somalia (?)
- Currently H5N1 Free
- Kenya
- Tanzania
- Uganda
- Ethiopia
- Risks
- Introduction to HPAI free countries via poultry
trade, human movement, migratory birds - Prevention
- Active, ongoing monitoring surveillance
- Trade restrictions with positive countries
- Bolstered inspection at ports of entry
- Emergency preparedness and response plans ready
to be mobilized
20Kenya Red Cross
Rift Valley Falls Along Europe/Southern Africa
Migratory Route Peak Migration Mid September -
Mid November
21HPAI Poultry Consumption
- Loss of Domestic Poultry
- Poultry illness/loss of productivity
- Poultry death
- Poultry culls
Irrational Poultry Consumption Fears
Kenya 30 million chickens, 80 raised
traditionally by small holders 2-3
chickens/rural household
- Loss of income
- Inability to pay for school fees, medicine,
dietary staples - Loss of protein nutrition
Tanzania 27 million chickens, 70 raised
traditionally by small holders
22FAO/C.Squarzoni
23Impacts on Biodiversity Conservation
- Threats
- Health of wild birds
- May 2005, Qinghai Lake National Nature Reserve
(China) H5N1 outbreak estimates of 5-10 of
worlds population of Bar-headed Geese (Anser
indicus) succumbed to AI virus - Communities may turn to bush meat for protein
requirements - Fear may incite wild bird culls or
wetlands/nesting area destruction
24Biodiversity ConservationOpportunities
- Accurate information dissemination is essential
- Targeting local communities, park staff, media
and human animal health workers - Sound, science-based policy decisions
- Wetlands and protected area preservation
- Will help limit number of displaced wild birds
forced into contact with humans and domestic
poultry
25Alternative Protein Sources
MEAT Cattle Buffalo Pig Sheep Goat Fish
- Communities should be prepared to draw on
alternative protein sources to hedge against
catastrophic poultry loss - Diversified, Site-Appropriate Livestock Portfolio
DAIRY Cattle Sheep Goat
PROTEIN RICH VEGETABLE Peanut Soy
26Avian InfluenzaPreparedness Response
- Surveillance
- Communication Education
- Diagnostic Capacity Commodity Distribution
- Research
- Rapid Response Containment
27Surveillance
- Early detection is critical for containment
- Transparent reporting
- Donor resources need to be made available for
active surveillance - CDCs Global Disease Detection Center (Kenya)
- Army Medical Research Unit (Kenya)
International Scientific Task Force on Avian
Influenza
28Wild Bird Global Avian Influenza Network for
Surveillance (GAINS)
- Program managed by Wildlife Conservation Society,
funded by USAID - Global surveillance monitoring system
- Applicable to other diseases, including wildlife
disease - Sharing of near real-time HPAI monitoring in wild
birds using an accessible online format - Tracks genetic changes in the virus
- Encourages transparent disease reporting
- Technical support to national laboratories/vet
services for surveillance and diagnostic
activities
29Global Avian Influenza Network for Surveillance
- Target Audiences
- Government
- Local Communities
- Policy Makers
- Private Sector
- Informs decision making to cope with threat of
HPAI at local through national levels - Serves as an early warning system for HPAI
emergence - Potential to limit risks to human health,
wildlife health, domestic poultry/livelihoods
30Global Avian Influenza Network for Surveillance
GAINS Global Surveillance Locations
- Wild Bird Flyways
- Upcoming work will use sat transmitters to define
the Nile-Rift Valley flyway
31- Data
- Positive Cases
- Total Sampled Cases
- Wild Bird Counts
- Parameters
- Dates
- Location
- Wild Bird Species
- H N type
- Pathogenicity
WISDOM Map Explorer
32Communication Education
- Prevention Strategies
- Recognizing Illness
- Discouraging Consumption of Sick Poultry
- Farm/Village Biosecurity
- Slaughter and Cooking Precautions
- Behavior Change Communication (i.e. hand washing,
personal hygiene)
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35Communication Education
- Preventing Wild Bird Poultry
Transmission - Domestic poultry should not be permitted to
commingle with wild birds - Care taken to avoid shared water sources
- Fencing or covered sheds
- Improved husbandry practices (All In-All Out)
- Biosecurity on farms, in households, at markets,
and during transport
36Communication Education
- Enforcement of the illicit wild bird trade
CDC
37Diagnostic Capacity Commodity Distribution
- Personal Protective Equipment
- Goggles, Aprons, Gloves, Boots
- Diagnostic Kits/Reagents
- Capacity Building for National Laboratory
Diagnosis Epidemiological Surveillance - Response Preparation
- Disinfectants, etc
DAI
Synbiotics
38Research
- Wild Birds
- Can we clarify their role in transmission?
- Migratory flyways need to be defined
- Which species may be inapparent carriers? Do some
species exhibit high mortality rates? - Banding, bird counts, telemetry
- Disease Ecology
- How persistent is the virus in the environment?
39FAO
40FAO
41Research Development
- Vaccination
- Poultry
- Vaccine available policy on use varies by nation
- Reduced morbidity and mortality, however viral
shedding still possible in vaccinated poultry - Human
- April 2007, US FDA approved H5N1 human vaccine
(Sanofi Pasteur, Inc.) - Emergency stockpiles only not commercially
available - Future pandemic influenza strain unknown, so
vaccine efficacy questionable
42Response Containment
- Emergency response plans in place
- Centrally coordinated effort drawing on diverse
stakeholders - Table and field-tested plans
- Adequate resources for culling and disposal
- Compensation plans fair, transparent, and fully
funded
FAO
43Additional Resources
- News Updated Information
- CIDRAP www.cidrap.umn.edu
- ProMED Mail www.promedmail.org
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
www.cdc.gov
44Additional Resources
- Multi and Bilateral Efforts
- United States Agency for International
Development www.usaid.gov - World Health Organization www.who.int
- UN, Food and Agriculture Organization
http//www.fao.org/avianflu/en/index.html - Including OFFLU and EMPRES
- World Organization for Animal Health
http//www.oie.int/eng/info_ev/en_AI_avianinfluenz
a.htm
45Additional Resources
- Monitoring Surveillance
- Global Avian Influenza Network for Surveillance
(WCS) www.gains.org - Educational Communication Resources
- InterAction http//www.interaction.org/disaster/av
ian/index.html - Academy for Educational Development
http//avianflu.aed.org/index.htm