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World War I

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Nationalism in Europe spread following the fall of Napoleon. ... Only part of Africa taken by Germany; Shantung province of China sphere of influence. ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: World War I


1
World War I
  • Nationalism and Imperialism

2
European Nationalism
  • Nationalism in Europe spread following the fall
    of Napoleon.
  • Congress of Vienna (1815)balance of power in
    Europe.
  • Revolution of 1848
  • Formerly divided territories merged into
    nation-states Italy in 1860s and Germany in
    1870s.
  • German unification brought on by Prussian
    chancellor Otto von Bismark

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"Germany is not looking to Prussia's liberalism,
but to her power. The great questions of the day
will not be decided by speeches and majority
decisions, this was the mistake of 1848, but by
iron and blood."
6
Unified Germany
  • Franco-Prussian War (1870-1)
  • Balance of power in Europe off.
  • Germans annex French territory, resulting in
    French hostility for decades to come.
  • German Empire created, but not much of the world
    left to colonize.
  • Only part of Africa taken by Germany Shantung
    province of Chinasphere of influence.

7
Tension in the Balkans
  • Emerging as a powder keg.
  • Nationalism in the Balkans (primarily Serbia)
    against Austro-Hungarian Empire.
  • Looked to Russia as a Slavic nation to come to
    their aidnever happens.
  • Germany allied with Austria and supported their
    policy of domination of Serbia entered into an
    understanding with Russia.

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9
Kaiser Wilhelm II
  • Germany allied with every nation but France.
  • Forced Bismark to resign as chancellor.
  • Created a German navy that rivaled Britains.
  • European nation begins making secret treaties.

10
Alliances and Ententes
  • Britain, France, and Russia formed the Triple
    Entente in 1907 to counter German
    ascendancyGerman now sandwiched.
  • Schlieffen PlanGermanys planned pre-emptive
    attack on France if Russia mobilized against
    either Germany of Austria.
  • Ottoman Empire loosely allied Austria for
    relative peace in Balkans between powers.

11
Assassination in the Powder Keg
  • Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the
    Austro-Hungarian throne, visits Sarajevo, Bosnia,
    in June 1914.
  • Bosnian Serb nationalist shoots the Archduke and
    his wife.
  • Powder keg thus ignited.

12
Beginning of World War I
  • Austro-Hungarian Empire declares war on Serbia.
  • Russia comes to aid of Serbia declares war on
    Austria.
  • Germany (Schlieffen Plan) attacks Belgium and
    begins invasion of France.
  • France and Britain declares war on Germany
    Austria declares war on Britain and France.
  • Ottoman Empire declares war on Britain, France,
    and Russia.

13
World War I (1914-1918)
  • First World War, The Great War, The War to
    End All Wars
  • Beginning in June/Julyexpected to be over by
    Christmas.
  • War of Attrition
  • War of Technology
  • War of Colonies

14
War of Attrition
  • Trench warfare develops on the German and French
    border.
  • Germans on the defensive built better trenches.
    Why?
  • Wars of attrition generally turn into stalemates
    with high casualties on both sides.
  • Over 6,000 miles of trenches with 800,000
    soldiers just on the British side.

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War of Technology
  • 20th century technology meets 19th century
    military tactics.
  • Trenchescombinations of machine guns and barbed
    wire.
  • Chemical warfare (even though outlawed)mustard
    gas and tear gas.
  • Aircraftplanes and Zeppelins
  • U-boats, submarines.

18
Mustard gas victim
19
Stalemate Broken
  • RMS Lusitania, British steam liner, torpedoed in
    1915.
  • Suspected of smuggling guns and ammo from U.S.
    (it was).
  • Several Americans on board.
  • U.S. enters war on side of Britain/France/Russia.

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21
Cost of World War I
  • Large-scale death of citizens 800,000 die in
    Germany alone due to Allied blockade.
  • Treaty of Versailles (1919), strips Germany and
    its allies of power and wealth.
  • Flu from America enters Europe, killing 20
    million.
  • Lost Generationdisillusioned young men scarred
    by the horrors of war (Hemingway).
  • Russian Revolution and World War II

22
Casualties of War
  • Men mobilized / killed
  • Russia 12,000,000 / 1,700,000
  • France 8,400,000 / 1,300,000
  • Britain 8,900,000 / 908,000
  • Italy 5,500,000 / 650,000
  • U.S. 4,300,000 / 126,000
  • Germany 11,000,000 / 1,700,000
  • Austria 7,800,000 / 1,200,000
  • Ottoman Empire 2,800,000 / 87,000

23
League of Nations
  • Proposed by Pres. Woodrow Wilson as part of this
    Fourteen Points for settling the war.
  • Goals preventing war through disarmament,
    collective security, diplomacy, end of secret
    agreements.
  • Lacked an arm force and failed to confront
    growing fascism in Europe and militarism in
    Japan.
  • United States never joined.

24
Colonies
  • Germany, Austria, and Ottoman Empires
    possessions seized by Allies as the spoils of
    war.
  • Problems obviously not solved.
  • Proto-nationalist movements beginning in many
    colonies India, Egypt, much of Africa.
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