The Axial Skeleton

1
The Axial Skeleton
2
The Complete Skeleton

• Axial skeleton
• Skull
• Hyoid bone
• Vertebral column
• Thoracic (rib) cage

• Appendicular skeleton
• Limbs
• Girdles

Fig. 7.1
3
Superior View of Skull or Cranium

• Functions
• Protects brain
• Supports organs of special senses
• Superior view of skull
• Parietal bones-top of skull
• Frontal bone-forehead

Modified from Fig. 7.2
4
Posterior View of Skull

• Hard palate-roof of mouth
• Palatine
• Maxilla
• Occipital
• -back of head

Modified from Fig. 7.3
5
Lateral View of Skull

• Temporal bone
• External auditory meatus-earhole
• Zygomatic bone- arch of cheek
• Mandible- Jawbone
• Sphenoid bone- at temple

Modified from Fig. 7.4
6
Frontal View of Skull

• Zygomatic bones
• Nasal bones-top of nose
• Inferior nasal concha-inside nose
• Maxilla-moustache bone

Modified from Fig. 7.6
7
Bones and Openings of Right Orbit

• Ethmoid bone
• Lacrimal bone
• Sphenoid bone

Modified from Fig. 7.8
8
Inferior View of Skull

• Foramen magnum
• Occipital condyles
• Styloid processes

Modified from Fig. 7.12
9
Hyoid Bone and Auditory Ossicles

• Hyoid bone
• Unpaired
• No direct bony attachment to skull
• Attachment point for some tongue muscles
• Attachment point for neck muscles that elevate
  larynx during speech and swallowing
• Auditory ossicles
• Malleus, incus and stapes

Fig. 7.14
10
Vertebra

• Parts
• Body
• Vertebral foramen
• Vertebral arch
• Superior and inferior articular processes and
  facets
• Transverse process
• Articular facets for rib
• Spinous process

Modified from Fig. 7.19
11
Vertebral Column

• Regions
• Cervical (7 vertebrae)
• Thoracic (12 vertebrae)
• Lumbar (5 vertebrae)
• Sacral bone (1)
• Coccygeal bone (1)

Fig. 7.15
12
Cervical Vertebrae

• Atlas
• First vertebra
• Axis
• Second vertebra
• Dens or odontoid process

Modified from Fig. 7.22
13
Thoracic and Lumbar Vertebrae
Modified from Fig. 7.23
Modified from Fig. 7.24
14
Sacrum and Coccyx
Modified from Fig. 7.25
15
Thoracic or Rib Cageand Sternum

• Parts
• Thoracic vertebrae
• Ribs (12 pair)
• True or Vertebrosternal
• False
• floating
• Sternum (manubrium, body, Xiphoid process
• )

• Parts
• Thoracic vertebrae
• Ribs (12 pair)
• True or Vertebrosternal
• False
• floating
• Sternum (manubrium, body, Xiphoid process
• )

Modified from Fig. 7.26