Axial Division

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Anatomy of a Long Bone
spongy bone
Proximal epiphysis
compact bone
Endosteum
diaphysis
epiphyseal line
yellow marrow
Sharpeys fibers
Distal epiphysis
hyaline cartilage
periosteum
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Microscopic Bone Anatomy
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Axial Division
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Appendicular Skeleton

• The Appendicular Division consists of 126 bones
  making up the appendages and girdles that connect
  appendages to the body. The pectoral girdle
  consists of the clavicle and scapula. The pelvic
  girdle is formed by the two coxal bones which are
  fused anteriorly.

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Cranium Bones
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Temporal Bone Markings
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Occipital Bone
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Sphenoid Bone

• The feature called the "temple" is actually a
  wing of the Sphenoid bone
• e. Sphenoid Bone butterfly shaped bone that
  spans the width of the skull and forms the floor
  of the cranial cavity. Contains a small
  depression called the sella turcica (Turks
  saddle) which holds the pituitary gland in place

Posterior view
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Ethmoid Bone

• f. Ethmoid Bone forms the roof of the nasal
  cavity and medial walls of the orbits

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Review of Cranial bones and Markings
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Facial Bones
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Facial Bones
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Hyoid Bone

• 3. Hyoid Bone the only bone of the body that
  does not articulate directly with another bone,
  suspended in the midneck region above the larynx
  where ligaments anchor it to the styloid
  processes of the temporal bone. Serves as a
  movable base for the tongue and attachment for
  neck muscles.

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Fetal Skull

• 4. Fetal Skull bones of the fetal skull are
  not fused but contain fibrous membranes called
  fontanels, soft spots that connect the cranial
  bones. They allow room for the brain to grow and
  allow the fetal skull to be compressed during
  child birth. Anterior fontanel, posterior
  fontanel, sphenoid fontanel, mastoid fontanel

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Vertebral Column
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Cervical Vertebrae

• Cervical Vertebrae 7, the first two are called
  the atlas and axis they allow you to rotate your
  head from side to side

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Thoracic and Lumbar Vertebrae

• 2. Thoracic Vertebrae - 12, larger than the
  cervical vertebrae
• 3. Lumbar Vertebrae 5, largest and sturdiest of
  the vertebrae

Lumbar
1-Vertebral Body 2-Spinous Process 3-Transverse
Facet 4-Pedicle 5-Foramen 6-Lamina 7-Superior
Facet
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Inferior Vertebral Column

• 4. Sacrum - fuses with the coccyx inferiorly
• 5. Coccyx - considered the human tailbone

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Bony Thorax
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APPENDICULAR SKELETON (pp. 138-145)

• A. Bones of the Shoulder Girdle, also called the
  Pectoral Girdle (p. 138)
• 1. Clavical (Collarbones) attaches to the
  manubrium of the sternum medially and the scapula
  laterally
• 2. Scapulae (Shoulder Blades) also called
  wings due to flaring when we move our arms
  posteriorl
• Important Bone markings
• Acromion enlarged end of the spine
• Coracoid process connects with the clavicle
  laterally at the acromioclavicular joint
• Glenoid cavity a shallow socket that receives
  the head of the humerus (arm bone)

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Bones of the Upper Limb

• 1. Arm
• A. Humerus
• B. Important Bone Markings
• Greater and lesser tubercles sites of muscle
  attachments near the head of the humerus
• Deltoid Tuberosity a roughened area of the
  shaft where the deltoid muscle attaches
• Trochlea medial distal end that looks like a
  spool
• Capitulum lateral distal end, looks like a
  ball
• Coronoid Fossa depression above the trochlea
  
• Olecranon Fossa- posterior distal surface these
  two fossas allow the ulna to move freely when
  the elbow is bent and extended
  

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Forearm Bones

• Forearm
• Radius the lateral bone
  Important Markings Radial tuberosity - just
  below the head, where the biceps tendon
  attaches
• Ulna - the medial bone Coronoid process- on
  proximal end Olecranon process on proximal end
  (forms the elbow by articulating into the
  olecranon fossa on the humerus
• Trochlear Notch groove that separates the
  coronoid and olecranon processes
  
• Interosseous Membrane- the membrane that connects
  the radius and ulna along its length

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Hand

• 3. Hand
• A. Carpals wrist bones, the most commonly
  fractured when falling on an outstretched hand is
  the scaphoid bone ( sits on thumbside)
• B. Metacarpals articulate with carpals and
  phalanges
• C. Phalanges finger bones

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Bones of the Pelvic Girdle

• Bones of the Pelvic Girdle (pp. 141-143) formed
  by the two coxal bones
• Coxal Bones (Hip Bones) Formed by the fusion of
  three bones
• Ilium connects with the sacrum at the
  sacroiliac joint, large flaring bone that forms
  most of the hip bone. Iliac crest- upper edge

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Ischium

• Ischium the sitdown bone, it is most
  inferior
• Ischial tuberosity - part youre sitting on
• Ischial spine - superior to the tuberosity,
  narrows the outlet of the pelvis Greater
  Sciatic notch allows blood vessels and the
  large sciatic nerve to pass through

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Pubis Bone

• Pubis most anterior Obturator Foramen
  opening which allows blood vessels and nerve to
  pass through to the thigh Pubic Symphysis
  where the two pubic bones fuse anteriorly to form
  a cartilaginous joint
• Acetabulum where the ilium, ischium, and pubis
  fuse, receives the head of the femur

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Lower Limb Bones

• Bones of the Lower Limbs (pp. 143-145)
• Thigh
• Femur heaviest, strongest bone in the
  body Greater and lesser trochanters blunt
  processes at the proximal end that are sites of
  muscle attachments Medial and Lateral condyles
  at distal end where the femur articulates with
  the tibia

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Lower Leg Bones

• Leg
• Tibia shinbone, medial weight-bearing bone of
  lower leg Tibial Tuberosity proximal end of
  tibia where patellar ligaments and tendon
  attach Medial malleolus distal inner bulge
  of the ankle
• Fibula stick-like lateral bone of lower leg,
  joins with the tibia proximally and
  distally Lateral malleolus distal fibula
  that forms the outer part of the ankle

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Foot Bones

• Foot
• Tarsals 7 bones cuneiform bones (medial,
  intermediate, lateral) cuboid, navicular, talus,
  calcaneus
• Metatarsals form the sole
• Phalanges - toes

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Helpful Websites for Studying

• http//www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio201/skull/ant
  skul.htm
• http//www.getbodysmart.com/index.htm
• http//www.getbodysmart.com/ap/skeletalsystem/skel
  eton/menu/animation.html

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Q of Week Can people grow extra bones?

• Acromegaly- a disease associated with excessive
  bone growth
• Paget's Disease
• Melorheostosis-rare and progressive disorder that
  involves hyperostosis or thickening of cortical
  bone

• multiple hereditary exostosis causes excess bones
  to grow in the body

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