Dr V.J.Inglezakis - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Title: Dr V.J.Inglezakis


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Overview of the EU situation as regard the
Landfill Directive and its specified targets

• Dr V.J.Inglezakis
• Chemical Engineer
• (MSc, PhD)

TAIEX Workshop on Waste Sofia, 21-22 July 2009
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• Chemical Engineer, MSc and PhD in Chemical
  Engineering
• Resident Twinning Advisor (PAA/RTA) in Slovakia
  (2004-2005) and in Romania (2006-2007) for the
  implementation of the EU environmental
  legislation
• Short-term expert (STE) in other Twinning, TW
  Light, TA etc Projects (IPPC/China, ELVs/Romania,
  Hazardous Waste/Latvia, Domestic Waste/Romania,
  IPPC SEVESO/Russia and others)
• Research Staff of NTUA/UEST (Athens/Greece)
• Collaborator of Ministries (Romania/Greece)

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The framework in waste management
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Solid Waste Legislation Timeline
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Important Definitions (Directive 2008/98/EC)

• Recycling means any recovery operation by which
  waste materials are reprocessed into products,
  materials or substances whether for the original
  or other purposes. It includes the reprocessing
  of organic material but does not include energy
  recovery and the reprocessing into materials that
  are to be used as fuels or for backfilling
  operations
• Reuse means any operation by which products or
  components that are not waste are used again for
  the same purpose for which they were conceived

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• Recovery means any operation the principal
  result of which is waste serving a useful purpose
  by replacing other materials which would
  otherwise have been used to fulfil a particular
  function, or waste being prepared to fulfil that
  function, in the plant or in the wider economy.
  Annex II sets out a non-exhaustive list of
  recovery operations This includes incineration
  facilities dedicated to the processing of
  municipal solid waste only where their energy
  efficiency is equal to or above 0.60-0.65.
• Disposal means any operation which is not
  recovery even where the operation has as a
  secondary consequence the reclamation of
  substances or energy. Annex I sets out a
  non-exhaustive list of disposal operations

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European Waste Hierarchy

• Number of existing landfills in EU-15 (as per
  2006) 10.206
• 62 for non-hazardous waste (6.286)
• 33 for inert waste (3.416)
• 5 for hazardous waste (504)

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Waste Acceptance Criteria (Decision 33/2003)
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A simplified sketch of a waste management system
and the objectives of landfill policy
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One of the organization schemes
Legal acts
Inter-municipal waste management company
County
New landfill
Cash flow
Municipalities
Closed landfills
Waste flow
Waste collectors
Composting sites
Bulky waste sites
Waste producers
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The Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC and its targets
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General Targets

• To reduce biodegradable waste going to landfill
  to 75 of 1995 figures by 2010 and to 35 by 2020
  (this included paper, card, food, garden waste
  and organic textiles)
• The regulations aim to reduce the volume of waste
  and increase recycling rates. Composting and
  careful segregation of waste types for recycling
  will need to be encouraged to fulfill the
  targets.
• To ban the co-disposal of hazardous and
  non-hazardous waste. Three separate landfill
  types will be required for hazardous,
  non-hazardous and inert wastes.
• The requirement to treat most wastes before they
  are landfilled.
• To ban the disposal of whole tyres at landill
  sites by 2003, and by 2006 tyre granules will not
  be allowed in landfills.
• To ban landfilling of liquid wastes, certain
  clinical waste and certain hazardous wastes.
• Increase the level of control, monitoring and
  reporting at landill sites.

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Key elements of the Landfill Directive

• Reduction targets for the landfilling of
  biodegradable waste (based on data for 1995)
• 75 by 2006
• 50 by 2009
• 35 by 2016
• Sewage sludge is not biodegradable municipal
  waste!
• The 2016 target already reached by AT, BE, DK,
  DE, NL and SE.
• The 2009 target reached by FR, IT and FI are
  close to it.
• The 2006 target has not been reached by ES, PT,
  IE, UK, GR

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Reduction targets for biodegradable municipal
waste (Article 5)
of amounts stated 1995 in EUROSTAT (or latest
year before)
2006/
2016/
2009/
2010
35
50
75
2020
2013
FI, IT
FR
AT, BE (Flan.), DE, DK, NL,SE
Reached aim already in 2003
Countries which put more than 80 of Municipal
Waste (EUROSTAT 1995) into landfills may extend
the period for maximal 4 years (Applies e.g.
for UK, ES, all 10 new MS)
Targets to be re-examined by 2014Commission
works on Standards for Composting since 2007
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Definition and strategies for biodegradable waste
Any waste that is capable of undergoing anaerobic
or aerobic decomposition
MS shall develop national strategies for
reduction of biodegradable waste using recycling,
composting, biogas production and material/energy
recovery
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EU Waste Composition (2004)
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The situation in Europe in numbers
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Overview

• On average, the European citizen generated 10
  more waste in 2007 than in 1995 (Eurostat). On
  average the generation of waste is about 500 kg
  per capita ranging from 300 to 800 kg per capita
  (2007).
• In 1995, 62 of municipal waste was landfilled
  on average and in 2007 this had fallen to 42 .
• Thirteen countries had either no incineration or
  incinerated less than 10 of their municipal
  waste in 2007. Eight EU-15 Member States
  incinerated more than 20 of municipal waste.
• According to recently published data, 22 of
  municipal waste generated in 2007 has been
  recycled and 17 composted (Eurostat, 2009).
• Biodegradable municipal waste (bio-waste, paper
  and cardboard, and biodegradable textiles) make
  up a considerable share of municipal waste
  approximately 6070 in most countries.
• The generation of BMW has been relatively stable
  over the period 19952006 although its production
  varies between countries and regions (200-400 kg
  per capita).
• In 2005-2006 in the old Member States the level
  of MW recycling varies from 60 kilogram to 370
  kilogram per capita. In the new Member States the
  level varies from 20 kilogram to 100 kilogram per
  capita.

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Overview (up to 2007)

• Total MW 300-800 kg/capita
• Total BMW 200-400 kg/capita
• Recycling rate 20-370 kg/capita
• Paper/cardboard 10-140 kg/capita
• Bio-waste 10-130 kg/capita
• Plastic 1-50 kg/capita
• Glass 5-45 kg/capita
• Metal 2-25 kg/capita

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Generation of municipal waste in the EU-27, 1995
and 2007
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Municipal Waste Landfilled per Capita
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Projections - ETC/RWM 2007 (EU 25)
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Projections - ETC/RWM 2007 (New and old MS)
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GDP and Waste Generation
The New Member States, with about 26 of the
total EU population, generate only 16 of the
total waste.
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GDP and Packaging Waste
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Municipal waste, 2007 Municipal waste
generated,kg Municipal waste treated, per
person Landfilled
Incinerated Recycled Composted EU27 522
42 20 22 17 Belgium 492 4 34 39 23
Bulgaria 468 100 0 0 0 Czech Republic
294 84 13 2 1 Denmark 801 5 53 24
17 Germany 564 1 35 46 18 Estonia
536 64 0 34 2 Ireland 786 64 0 34
2 Greece 448 84 0 14 2 Spain 588
60 10 13 17 France 541 34 36 16 14
Italy 550 46 11 11 33 Cyprus 754
87 0 13 0 Latvia 377 86 0 13 1
Lithuania 400 96 0 2 2 Luxembourg 694
25 47 0 28 Hungary 456 77 9 13 1
Malta 652 93 0 2 5 Netherlands 630
3 38 32 28 Austria 597 13 28 21 38
Poland 322 90 0 6 4 Portugal 472
63 19 8 10 Romania 379 99 0 1 0
Slovenia 441 66 0 34 - Slovakia 309
82 11 2 5 Finland 507 53 12 26 10
Sweden 518 4 47 37 12 United Kingdom
572 57 9 22 12
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Landfill of Waste for Year 2007 ()
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Romania Greece - Summary
ROMANIA GREECE
POPULATION 21.537.000 11.215.000
TOTAL WASTE (tn) 321.000.000 29.000.000
MUNICIPAL WASTE (tn) 9.000.000 (2.8) 5.000.000 (17)
BMW (organic only) 47 of MW 44 of MW
Directed to landfills ( of MW) 95 85
HAZARDOUS WASTE (tn) 963.000 (0.3) 330.000 (1.14)
NUMBER OF LANDFILLS 225 operating 20 comply 78 under closure (2009) 101 transition period (2017) 65 under preparatory studies/construction 65 operating (most non-comply lt2012) 32 under construction 41 preparatory studies
ILLEGAL LANDFILLS 2.500 180
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Lessons learned from Europe

• The Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark, Germany,
  Austria
• Have met targets of diversion of biodegradable
  waste
• Strong waste management infrastructure
  (incineration or MBT)
• Ireland, the UK, France, Spain, Italy still
  strong reliance on landfilling

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Strategy on biodegradable wasteDistance to
targets (2003)
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Implementation of EU Landfill Legislation
Strategy on biodegradable waste
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BMW What happens to it?LANDFILL (2003)
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BMW What happens to it?INCINERATION (2003)
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BMW What happens to it?COMPOSTING (2003)
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BMW What happens to it?MATERIAL RECYCLING (2003)
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Lessons learned from Europe

• good results countries have
• Regime of certainty strong planning, landfill
  bans, strict regulation, municipal (co-)ownership
  reducing financial risks
• Partnership between government levels
  transparant responsibilities, thorough
  consultation, local implementation
• Public trust separate local waste taxes
  (transparency), strict adherence to EU
  requirements
• Integrated approach across waste streams
  integration of household and industrial waste
  leads to cost reductions.

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Lessons learned from Europe

• bad results countries have
• Lack of certainty which creates difficulties in
  securing key waste management infrastructure
• Poor strategic planning capability with little
  cooperation between tiers of government
• Weak local accountability and ownership of waste
  related issues so that issues are repeatedly
  deferred
• Politically inconsistent messages and fiscal
  incentives which contradict the promotion of the
  waste hierarchy.

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Implementation examples (2005) Biodegradable
waste
AT Legal obligation for separate collection
biowaste, packaging waste, biodegradable fraction
CD waste landfilling only of wastes pretreated
by incineration or MBT in order to obtain TOC
lt5 BE Flanders Landfilling ban for unsorted
MSW, waste collected for recovery and combustible
fraction (TOC gt6) DK Landfilling ban for all
combustible waste fractions (incineration) DE
General legal obligation for separation
biodegradable MSW composted, packaging waste
recovered general ban for landfilling of
untreated waste (pre-treatment MBT or
incineration)
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Implementation examples (2005) Biodegradable
waste
LU separate collection kitchen, green waste,
paper, wood pre-treatment installations for MSW
at landfills (sorting, shredding, homogenisation,
organic stabilisation) NL High share of
incineration for MSW targets for separate
collection organic waste, ban on landfilling
separately collected biowaste (composting,
fermentation) SE Landfiling ban for combustible
and organic waste high share incinerationgrowin
g share biological treatment
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Landfill tax in 13 EU countries (/ton, 2004-2005)
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A target in the bin

• Simple/cheap means huge impact equip small and
  medium communities with separate collection bins
• Implement wide public awareness campaigns
  without the people we cannot have results
  whatever the legislation imposes