The Mother Tongue

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The Mother Tongue

• Indo-European Languages

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Indo-European Timeline
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Indo-European Timeline

• I period Breaking Up (60th c. bce - 25th c.
  bce)
• II period Settling Apart (25th c. bce - 13th
  c. bce)
• III period Primary Migrations (13th c. bce -
  7th c. bce)
• IV period Secondary Migrations(7th c. bce- 1st
  c. bce)
• V period The Great Movement (1st c. ce - 500 ce)
• VI period Fixing Borders (500 1000 ce)

ce Common Era bce Before Common Era
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Fusion of the Early Middle Ages5th-11th centuries

• Fall of Rome
• Celtic Influences
• Norse-Germanic Influences
• Spread of Christianity throughout Europe
• Islamic Influences
• Feudalism
• Empires and Kingdoms

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Celtic Migrations
Hallstatt
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Celtic Migrations

• 2100 bce       Celtic tribes in Europe
• 1400 bce       Celts arrive in Spain
• 1200 bce       Celtic cultures in Gaul and
  Germania
• 650 bce         Celts settle in Britain and
  Ireland
• 600 bce        New Celtic invasion to Spain
• 450 bce         Celtic tribes come to Italy
• 280 bce        Celts arrive in the Balkans and
  Asia Minor
• 133 bce         Spain conquered by Rome
• 50 bce        Gaul conquered by Rome
• 43 ce         Romans conquer Britain
• 250        Ogham inscriptions in Ireland
  and Scotland
• 409        Romans leave Britain
• 450        Celtic migrations to Brittany
• 844        Kingdom of Scotland established

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Gundestrup Cauldron1st c. bcesilver overlaid
with gold
Cernunnos God of the Beasts
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Fall of Rome

• 330 Constantine moved the capitol of the Roman
  Empire to Constantinople
• 402 Honorius moved capitol of the Western
  Empire from Rome to Ravenna
• 410 Visigoths sacked Rome
• 455 Vandals sacked Rome and took control of N.
  Africa and Spain
• 5th c. Waves of Angles, Saxons and Jutes
  invaded Britain and Burgundians controlled much
  of France
• 476 Goths seized Rome Odoacer became Emperor

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Celtic Influences

• Decorative
• Animal motifs
• Arabesques
• Religious
• Scholarship
• Monasticism
• Literary
• Epics and folklore
• Sovranty Love-Political Triangle
• King-Queen-Suitor/Challenger
• Arthur-Guinevere-Lancelot

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Celtic Christianity

• Christianity was introduced into the British
  Isles in late 1st century or early 2nd c. with
  Roman soldiers
• It was a cultic religion existing alongside
  other cults, both indigenous cults and those
  brought in by the Romans, such as the cult of
  Mithras.
• The new faith rapidly gained adherents

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St. Patrick (389?-461?)

• Apostle of Ireland, Christian prelate.
• Born in Scotland -- kidnapped at 16 by Irish
  pirates and sold in Ireland as a slave. He passed
  his captivity as a herdsman
• Saw visions in which he was urged to escape, and
  after six years of slavery he did so,
• Ordained as a deacon, then priest and finally as
  a bishop.
• Pope Celestine then sent him back to Ireland to
  preach the gospel.

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Syncretism St. Bridgit

• Patrick carried Christianity to the Irish by
  transforming their sacred groves, wells, and
  mounds into centers of worship for the new faith.
  
• He also adopted the ancient Celtic deities into
  the new faith, demoting them to saints
• Brigit,the goddess of healing and fertility
  became St. Bridgit in the new faith.

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The Irish Church

• Elements of Eastern Christianity
• emphasis on monasticism
• organizational structure of abbots and
  monasteries versus bishops and parish churches
• ascetic holiness and pilgrimage
• The abbeys' and monasteries' success in
  teaching
• Generations of scholars who not only copied
  Christian material but also transcribed the myths
  of the Ulster and Finian cycles, the Brehon laws,
  and other Celtic documents
• Survival of Christianity in the British Isles
  despite conquest by the pagan Angles and Saxons.
• Sent missionaries to England and scholars to
  courts, such as Charlemagnes, throughout Europe

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VölkerwanderrungGermanic Migrations
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Germanic Comitatus or Kinship Groups

• König, eorlas und thanes kings, nobles and
  warriors
• Mutual loyalty -- warriors fight for king, king
  is generous to warriors
• Originally a socially egalitarian setup, during
  the third and fourth centuries CE, it became
  socially stratified
• Basis for feudal loyalty
• Ideal and philosophy expressed in oral epics
  like Beowulf and The Song of Roland

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Viking Conquests
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• I've been with sword and,spearslippery with
  bright bloodwhere kites wheeled. And how wellwe
  violent Vikings clashed!Redflames ate up men's
  roofs,raging we killed and killedand skewered
  bodies sprawledsleepy in town gateways.

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Viking Art
Scene taken from the stone Smiss I, found in
Stenkyrka parish. Dated 700-800 AD.
8th c. Bronze keys
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The Normans

• Vikings, or Norsemen, who settled in northern
  France (or the Frankish kingdom), together with
  their descendants
• A Viking named Rollo emerged as the leader among
  the new settlers.
• 911 the Frankish king Charles III the Simple made
  the Treaty of St. Clair-sur-Epte with Rollo,
  ceding him the land around the mouth of the Seine
  and what is now the city of Rouen
• The Normans founded the duchy of Normandy and
  sent out expeditions of conquest and colonization
  to southern Italy and Sicily and to England,
  Wales, Scotland, and Ireland.

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Norman Conquest

• 1066 Contest for the English crown
• Harold, Earl of Wessex Anglo-Saxon claimant
• Harald Hardrada of Norway
• William Duke of Normandy
• Battle of Stamford Bridge Harold defeated
  Hardrada's army which invaded using over 300
  ships so many were killed that only 25 ships
  were needed to transport the survivors home.
• Battle of Hastings William led Norman forces
  against the English. Harold Killed in battle
  William seized the throne
• William the Conqueror

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Norman Castles
Tower of London
Motte and Bailey Castle
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Feudalism

• Feudal Society" is a form of civilization that
  flourishes especially in a closed agricultural
  economy
• A social system of rights and duties based on
  land tenure and personal relationships in which
  land is held in fief by vassals from lords to
  whom they owe specific services and with whom
  they are bound by personal loyalty.
• Those who fulfill official duties, whether civil
  or military, do so because of personal and freely
  accepted links with their overlord not because of
  loyalty to a state or nation.
• Public authority becomes fragmented and
  decentralized.
• In this manorial or seignorial system, landlords
  exercise over the unfree peasantry (serfs) a wide
  variety of police, judicial, fiscal, and other
  rights.

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Social Classes
SECULAR KING NOBLES KNIGHTS MERCHANTSPROFESSI
ONALSCRAFTSMEN PEASANTS freemen serfs
ECCLESIASTICAL POPE CARDINALS BISHOPS
ABBOTS PRIESTS MONKS SUMMONERS
FRIARS PARDONERS NUNS PEASANTS lay brothers
and sisters serfs
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Evolution of English Language

• 650 bce- 500 ce Celtic domination of British
  Isles Gaelic Irish, Welsh, Scots, Breton
• 2nd C. ce Roman conquest Latin
• 5th C. ce Germanic invasions by Angles, Saxons
  and Jutes Anglo-Saxon/Old English
• 8th- 10th C Viking invasions Old Norse
• 1066 Norman conquest French?Anglo-Norman
• 1200-1500 Middle English literary fusion
• 1500 Great Vowel Shift Early Modern English
• 1700 Modern English